Which statement best describes the relationship between reading comprehension and word decoding in a beginning readers development?

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When learning letter-sound correspondence, beginning readers are likely to require the most instruction in decoding which of the following?

Select one:
A. dime
B. ship
C. hot
D. best

A. dime

Which of the following best describes the relationship between word decoding and reading comprehension in a beginning reader's development?

Select one:
A. Decoding skills and reading comprehension skills tend to develop independently of one another.
B. Rapid automatic decoding skills help facilitate development of reading fluency and comprehension.
C. Reading comprehension skills directly facilitate the development of decoding skills.
D. Development of decoding skills is secondary to the development of reading fluency and comprehension skills.

B. Rapid automatic decoding skills help facilitate development of reading fluency and comprehension.
(Reading research has shown that accurate decoding skills are a prerequisite to effective development of word-reading automaticity, which, in turn, is foundational to the development of reading fluency—that is, reading text accurately, at a rate that supports comprehension, and with speech-like phrasing and expressiveness. Furthermore, convergent research suggests that a lack of automatic decoding skills is a frequent cause of comprehension difficulties among students in the primary grades.)

A teacher can most effectively support first graders' development of rapid automatic word recognition by first teaching students how to:

Select one:
A. look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary.
B. use context cues to determine the meanings of words.
C. identify the constituent parts of multisyllable words.
D. apply consistent phonics generalizations in common words.

D. apply consistent phonics generalizations in common words. (Automaticity is the rapid recognition of a word without conscious attention to the decoding process. Research indicates that accurate decoding skills are a prerequisite to the development of, and readiness to benefit from instruction in, automatic word recognition. Applying consistent phonics generalizations to decode common words is a foundational decoding skill appropriate for beginning readers at the first-grade level.)

Which of the following describes an implicit strategy for extending and reinforcing students' phonics skills?

Select one:
A. asking students to sound out new words that follow a common regular spelling pattern
B. having students sort sets of familiar words into their designated word families
C. encouraging students to look for particular words and word parts in environmental print
D. guiding students to spell new multisyllable words using known words and word parts

C. encouraging students to look for particular words and word parts in environmental print

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in promoting second graders' decoding of multisyllable words?

Select one:
A. giving students opportunities to read literature that offers repeated exposure to predictable text
B. encouraging students to compare the parts of new multisyllable words with known single-syllable words
C. reinforcing students' recognition of high-frequency multisyllable words using drills and flashcards
D. prompting students to sound out the individual phonemes that compose multisyllable words

B. encouraging students to compare the parts of new multisyllable words with known single-syllable words

A second-grade teacher writes several sentences on the board, covering up one word in each sentence. She uncovers the first letter of the first covered word and asks students to guess the word before she uncovers it completely. She then follows the same procedure with the next sentence. In the example shown below, the students have completed sentences 1 and 2 and are currently working on sentence 3. (The lines on either side of a word in sentences 1 and 2 denote that this word was uncovered; in sentence 3, the lines denote which part of the word is still covered.) 1. Paul likes to play |football|. 2. |Elephants| are the largest land animals. 3. We went to the m| | last Friday. This activity is most likely to promote the students' word identification skills by helping them:

Select one:
A. apply common consonant-vowel patterns to decode unfamiliar words.
B. use semantic and syntactic cues to help identify words.
C. apply phonics generalizations to decode multisyllable words.
D. use syllabication as a decoding strategy.

B. use semantic and syntactic cues to help identify words.

A second-grade teacher administers spelling inventories periodically to help assess students' phonics knowledge. The following shows one student's performance on a spelling inventory at the beginning of the school year (Table 1) and again several months later (Table 2).

Table 1

Dictated Word

Student Spelling

set

set

star

ster

drive

driv

peach

pech

turn

tarn

join

joyn

Table 2

Dictated Word

Student Spelling

set

set

star

star

drive

drive

peach

peche

turn

turn

join

joyn

The student's performance on the second administration of the spelling inventory (Table 2) indicates that the student made the most improvement in which of the following areas?

Select one:
A. long and r-controlled vowels
B. short vowels and diphthongs
C. digraphs and blends
D. initial and final consonants

A. long and r-controlled vowels

Which of the following provides the best rationale for incorporating spelling instruction into a first-grade reading program?

Select one:
A. Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.
B. Spelling facilitates vocabulary development by introducing students to new words.
C. Spelling simplifies the reading process by focusing students on a limited set of decoding rules.
D. Spelling promotes phonemic awareness by teaching students to break words into onsets and rimes.

A. Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.

Which of the following statements best describes how oral vocabulary knowledge is related to the process of decoding written words?

Select one:
A. A reader's oral vocabulary knowledge is dependent on his or her development of strong decoding skills.
B. A reader applies decoding skills to unfamiliar written words in order to increase his or her oral vocabulary knowledge.
C. A reader's oral vocabulary knowledge allows the reader to derive meaning as he or she decodes written words.
D. A reader must have extensive oral vocabulary knowledge in order to learn decoding processes.

C. A reader's oral vocabulary knowledge allows the reader to derive meaning as he or she decodes written words.

Read the sentence below; then answer the question that follows.

My family went to the circus last weekend. I liked the clowns the best. They were very funny.

A student makes several miscues when reading these sentences aloud. Which of the following miscues represents an error in decoding consonant blends?

Select one:
A. shortening funny to fun
B. omitting circus
C. saying bet for best
D. pronouncing clowns as clones

C. saying bet for best

Which of the following sentences contains a pair of words that differ from one another by one phoneme?

Select one:
A. His face looked pale after he carried the pail of water for a mile.
B. He took off his cap so that he could take a nap.
C. She told him not to buy a ticket because she had already bought one.
D. She works at a bank that is located near the bank of a river.

B. He took off his cap so that he could take a nap.

Which of the following students demonstrates variation in reading development that would require intervention focused on explicit phonics instruction?

Select one:
A. a second-grade student who is adept at using context cues to identify words but has difficulty sounding out the letters in unfamiliar words .
B. a kindergarten student who can recite the alphabet from memory but has difficulty distinguishing individual phonemes in words
C. a third-grade student who can read most grade-level text fluently but has difficulty with unfamiliar irregular low-frequency words
D. a first-grade student who can easily decode nonsense words but has limited comprehension of the meaning of text

A. a second-grade student who is adept at using context cues to identify words but has difficulty sounding out the letters in unfamiliar words .

Explicit phonics instruction is most appropriate for a student who has demonstrated which of the following phonological awareness skills?

Select one:
A. being aware that words can be divided into syllables
B. being aware that a word is made up of one or more phonemes
C. being able to segment and blend a word's phonemes
D. being able to separate a word's onset and rime

C. being able to segment and blend a word's phonemes

Correct! Research indicates that phonemic awareness skills, particularly phonemic blending (i.e., combining a sequence of speech sounds to form a word), are prerequisite skills to effective phonics instruction.

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What is the connection between decoding language comprehension and reading?

According to the original theory, an individual's reading comprehension is the product of her decoding skill and language comprehension (Gough & Tunmer,1986). The key idea is that both the ability to decode and language comprehension are necessary for reading comprehension.

What is true about the relationship between reading and spelling quizlet?

What is true about the relationship between reading and spelling? Spelling is generally harder than reading because the exact letters of the word must be recalled.

Do reading comprehension strategies directly facilitate development of decoding skills?

Decoding skills and reading comprehension skills tend to develop independently of one another. B. Reading comprehension skills directly facilitate the development of decoding skills.

What is the purpose of combining decoding and comprehension skills in reading?

If students have comprehension issues, testing their foundational skills can help determine if they are limiting reading comprehension. Decoding is a process which allows one to recognize a word. When reading, the proficient student recognizes grade-level appropriate words automatically without much effort.