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Prep This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages. Module 20: Operant Conditioning Define the following terms:PSYC 2301 Study Guide – Module 201. Operant conditioning – a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by areinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.2. Law of effect- Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences becomemore likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.3. Operant chamber- in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that ananimal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’srate of bar pressing or key pecking.4. Reinforcement – in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior that follows.5. Shaping- an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closerand closer approximations of the desired behavior.6. Positive reinforcement increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positivereinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.7. Negative reinforcement- increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Anegative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response strengthens that response.8. Primary reinforce- an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.9. Conditioned reinforce- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with aprimary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)10. Reinforcement schedule- a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.11. Continuous reinforcement- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.12. Partial (intermittent) reinforcement- reinforcing a response only part of the time; results inslower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuousreinforcement.13. Fixed-ratio schedule- in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces aresponse only after a specified # of responses. Upload your study docs or become a Course Hero member to access this document Upload your study docs or become a Course Hero member to access this document End of preview. Want to read all 3 pages? Upload your study docs or become a Course Hero member to access this document Contrast operant and classical conditioning, and articulate Thorndike's law of effect *operant conditioning- is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. *classical conditioning regulated reflexive, involuntary responses,
whereas operant conditioning governed voluntary responses. articulate Thorndike's law of effect *instrumental learning * the law of effect- if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. Explain Skinner's principle of reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response Explain Skinner's principle of reinforcement and describe the terminology and procedures in operant research. Reinforcement is when an event following a response increases the likelihood of that response happening again. Skinner did experiments where he put animals in skinner boxes which would reinforce certain behaviors. The box would also keep track of the response rate over time. Operant Chamber (or Skinner Box) a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled reinforcement contingencies circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers It creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time. are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. Secondary (conditioned) Reinforcers Events that that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers Acquisition in operant conditioning refers to the initial stage of learning some new pattern of responding. However, the prcedures used to establish a operant response are different from those used to create that typical conditioned response Operant responses are usually established through a gradual process called shaping: which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response necessary when an organism does not, on its own, emit the desired response In operant conditioning, extinction refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a responce tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcers occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response. schedule of reinforcement determines which occurances of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinfored Intermittent, or Partial, reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed a variable interval schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring *occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response *involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus, thereby weakening a response What are the 4 types of operant conditioning according to Skinner?In Operant Conditioning Theory, there are essentially four quadrants: Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.
Which term best describes rewarding closer and closer steps toward a final behavior?Definition of operant conditioning
: conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus — compare classical conditioning.
Why is it called operant conditioning?Operant, or instrumental, conditioning is so called because, in making their responses, learners provide the instrument by which a problem is solved. Such learning is more important to schoolwork, for teachers are concerned ultimately with drawing forth new responses from their students.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?Shaping. In his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping. Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
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Which of the following terms refers to the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response?
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