Which of the following is judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes?

Key Terms

Cognition - the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Concept - a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

*Prototype - a mental image or best example of a category.

*Algorithm - a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics.

*Heuristic - a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

*Insight - a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

*Confirmation Bias
- A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.

*Fixation - the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

*Mental Set - a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

*Functional Fixedness - the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

*Representativeness Heuristic
- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

*Availability Heuristic - estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

*Overconfidence - the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.

*Framing - the way an issue is posed; how as issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

*Belief Bias - the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid.

*Belief Perseverance - clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Language - our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Phoneme - in a language the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Morpheme - in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning.

Grammar - in a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand others.

Semantics -
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes words and sentences in a given language also the study of meaning.

Syntax - the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

*Babbling Stage - beginning at about 4 months the stage of speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Two-Word Stage - beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements.

Telegraphic Speech - early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.

*Linguistic Determinism - Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Videos to Watch

www.visualcapitalist.com/50-cognitive-biases-in-the-modern-world/?fbclid=IwAR0LP6VDswqyBnLn0n0GiHg6hD9Kfhvuj84x5Xa6TDwdgG2dXGlYTxdQROs

Representativeness Heuristic. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

When we estimate the likelihood of events occurring based on their?

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called: confirmation bias.

Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize?

  • Answer:
  • Chomsky.
  • Explanation:
  • Avram Noam Chomsky is one of the American social critic, linguistic, philosopher, cognitive scientist, philosopher, political activist, and historian.
  • He is best known for his contribution to linguistics, generally, the “transformational grammar” development.

What is worse over or underestimating?

Whilst obviously accurate estimates are the best outcome, over-estimation is less bad than underestimation. Underestimation can impact dependencies and the overall quality of the project.

Which of the following is an example of heuristic?

Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision. Examples that employ heuristics include using trial and error, a rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Is it better to be overconfident or underconfident?

Originally Answered: Is it better to be overconfident than being underconfident? Being overconfident or being underconfident both is not good, instead it’s good to be just confident enough for any work. Overconfidence and no confidence are opposite sides of the same coin.

Can overconfidence be a weakness?

Confidence is a great thing. In this case, we can feel confident about our ability to accomplish the task, but know that we still have to work decently hard. However, when the task is extremely easy or below our abilities, we may often feel that it’s barely worth our time.

What is difference between confidence and overconfidence?

Confidence is the good trait to have where a person is sure about his course of action or activity and it comes from past success and right decisions. Overconfidence is excessive belief in their own abilities ignoring the fact that their decision can be wrong too.

How do you manage overconfidence?

Here is how you can avoid overconfidence bias:

  1. Think of the consequences. While making a decision, think of the consequences.
  2. Act as your own devil’s advocate. When estimating your abilities, challenge yourself.
  3. Have an Open Mind.
  4. Reflect on your mistakes.
  5. Pay attention to feedback.

How do you not sound confident?

Here are a few ways experts say you can inflect your voice and sound more relaxed and confident — in any situation.

  1. Speak From Your Diaphragm. Andrew Zaeh for Bustle.
  2. Smile While You Talk.
  3. Yawn First.
  4. Massage Your Jaw.
  5. Stand Up Straight.
  6. Make Sure You Enunciate.
  7. Take Time To Pause.
  8. Slow Down Your Breathing.

How can I be more attractive to sound?

Here’s a vocal exercise to make your voice more attractive through right breathing:

  1. Stand in front of a mirror. Check your posture, stand tall, and keep your chin up.
  2. Place your hand on your lower belly.
  3. Take a deep breath and don’t engage your chest at all.
  4. Breathe out while pulling your stomach and belly muscles in.

How can I sound and look confident?

Stand or sit up straight with your shoulders back, and keep your head held high. This will make you appear bigger and more confident, and will help you feel more confident as well. Plus, you’ll get the added benefit of aligning your body so you can breathe—and therefore speak—more efficiently.

Which heuristic leads us to making Judgements based on how well an object or event matches our prototype for that category?

What Is the Representativeness Heuristic? The representativeness heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds.

What term describes a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem?

A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem-solving that uses a practical method or various shortcuts in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient given a limited timeframe or deadline.

Which of the following provides the ability to see things in novel ways to recognize patterns and to make connections?

Creativity is characterised by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, and to generate solutions. Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing.

Which of the following is estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory?

AP Psychology - Unit 7B Vocabulary Review.