With today’s technology, the possibilities on personal computers and mobile devices seem to be endless, allowing us to create videos that grab the attention of an audience within seconds. Videos today are not just something that we watch, they are something that we engage in and something we become a part of. It is necessary to understand the different video file formats to ensure that the
video is produced in the best format and quality for its intended purpose, hosting location, and audience. Let’s take a look: The Importance of Codecs, and Containers Let’s first begin by talking about codecs, which deal with compressing your file. What is it, and why is it important? There are two kinds of compression:
lossless and lossy. Most of the time, the quality can’t be perceived by the human eye, but in some cases, it can make visuals look grainy, sounds flat and muffled, or make videos difficult to play. In order to compress a video, your file must also have a corresponding
codec. A codec is a software that compresses your video so it can be stored and played back. The most common codec includes h.264, which is often used for high-definition digital video and distribution of video content. It is also important to note the
bit rate, which refers to the amount of data stored for each second of media that is played. The higher the bit rate, the less compression, which results in overall higher quality. However, be aware that the higher the bit rate, the larger the file size. You can see an example below in
TechSmith Camtasia: In addition to a codec, each video file has a container. The container is like a box that contains your video, audio, and metadata (vital data such as captions, SEO, and vital information that pieces the video together for
playback). It can also be called a file extension since they are often seen as file names, such as AVI, MOV, or MP4. While AVI and MOV are available options, we recommend using MP4 h.264, as it is currently the industry standard for high definition video and provides the most practical way of distributing video content. Why MP4 and h.264? First introduced in 1988, MP4 files use separate compression for audio (m4a) and video (m4v), and is the typical file format used
for sharing videos over the Web in this day and age. MP4 sizes are relatively small, but still have high quality even after compression. It is able to store other types of data other than audio and video, such as object descriptors, scene descriptors, and other file structures and features (this is the metadata). MP4 is more popular than other file formats because of the way it is compatible with
both online and mobile browsers. MP4 offers more compatibility compared to other file formats, as it can be used with Apple and Microsoft, across computers, tablets, phones, game consoles, or TVs. It is also widely accepted by various media players, editing softwares, and used over the web, all of which is compatible with h.264. In addition to being compatible with most devices, MP4 can be widely used for multiple projects. Teachers or trainers can insert MP4 videos into PowerPoint presentations and those on the web can download online videos as an MP4 for easy and convenient playback. Get your final project in front of your audience now! Complete your work in your favorite video editing software (we recommend TechSmith Camtasia), and share it as an MP4 with just a couple of clicks! Post navigation
Subscribe to TechSmith’s NewsletterJoin over 200,000 people who get actionable tips and expert advice every month in the TechSmith Newsletter. SubscribeWhat is data compression?Data compression is a reduction in the number of bits needed to represent data. Compressing data can save storage capacity, speed up file transfer and decrease costs for storage hardware and network bandwidth. How compression worksCompression is performed by a program that uses a formula or algorithm to determine how to shrink the size of the data. For instance, an algorithm may represent a string of bits -- or 0s and 1s -- with a smaller string of 0s and 1s by using a dictionary for the conversion between them. The formula may also insert a reference or pointer to a string of 0s and 1s that the program has already seen. Text compression can be as simple as removing all unneeded characters, inserting a single repeat character to indicate a string of repeated characters and substituting a smaller bit string for a frequently occurring bit string. Data compression can reduce a text file to 50% or a significantly higher percentage of its original size. For data transmission, compression can be performed on the data content or on the entire transmission unit, including header data. When information is sent or received via the internet, larger files -- either singly or with others as part of an archive file -- may be transmitted in a ZIP, GZIP or other compressed format. Why is data compression important?Data compression can dramatically decrease the amount of storage a file takes up. For example, in a 2:1 compression ratio, a 20 megabyte (MB) file takes up 10 MB of space. As a result of compression, administrators spend less money and less time on storage. Compression optimizes backup storage performance and has recently shown up in primary storage data reduction. Compression will be an important method of data reduction as data continues to grow exponentially. Virtually any type of file can be compressed, but it's important to follow best practices when choosing which ones to compress. For example, some files may already come compressed, so compressing those files would not have a significant impact. Data compression methods: lossless and lossy compressionCompressing data can be a lossless or lossy process. Lossless compression enables the restoration of a file to its original state, without the loss of a single bit of data, when the file is uncompressed. Lossless compression is the typical approach with executables, as well as text and spreadsheet files, where the loss of words or numbers would change the information. Lossy compression permanently eliminates bits of data that are redundant, unimportant or imperceptible. Lossy compression is useful with graphics, audio, video and images, where the removal of some data bits has little or no discernible effect on the representation of the content. Graphics image compression can be lossy or lossless. Graphic image file formats are typically designed to compress information since the files tend to be large. JPEG is an image file format that supports lossy image compression. Formats such as GIF and PNG use lossless compression.  Compression vs. data deduplicationCompression is often compared to data deduplication, but the two techniques operate differently. Deduplication is a type of compression that looks for redundant chunks of data across a storage or file system and then replaces each duplicate chunk with a pointer to the original. Data compression algorithms reduce the size of the bit strings in a data stream that is far smaller in scope and generally remembers no more than the last megabyte or less of data. File-level deduplication eliminates redundant files and replaces them with stubs pointing to the original file. Block-level deduplication identifies duplicate data at the subfile level. The system saves unique instances of each block, uses a hash algorithm to process them and generates a unique identifier to store them in an index. Deduplication typically looks for larger chunks of duplicate data than compression, and systems can deduplicate using a fixed or variable-sized chunk. Deduplication is most effective in environments that have a high degree of redundant data, such as virtual desktop infrastructure or storage backup systems. Data compression tends to be more effective than deduplication in reducing the size of unique information, such as images, audio, videos, databases and executable files. Many storage systems support both compression and deduplication. Data compression and backupCompression is often used for data that's not accessed much, as the process can be intensive and slow down systems. Administrators, though, can seamlessly integrate compression in their backup systems. Backup is a redundant type of workload, as the process captures the same files frequently. An organization that performs full backups will often have close to the same data from backup to backup. There are major benefits to compressing data prior to backup:
Pros and cons of compressionThe main advantages of compression are a reduction in storage hardware, data transmission time and communication bandwidth -- and the resulting cost savings. A compressed file requires less storage capacity than an uncompressed file, and the use of compression can lead to a significant decrease in expenses for disk and/or solid-state drives. A compressed file also requires less time for transfer, and it consumes less network bandwidth than an uncompressed file. The main disadvantage is the performance impact from the use of CPU and memory resources to compress the data. Many vendors have designed their systems to try to minimize the impact of the processor-intensive calculations associated with compression. If the compression runs inline, before the data is written to disk, the system may offload compression to preserve system resources. For instance, IBM uses a separate hardware acceleration card to handle compression with some of its enterprise storage systems. If data is compressed after it is written to disk, or post-process, the compression may run in the background to reduce the performance impact. Although post-process compression can reduce the response time for each I/O, it still consumes memory and processor cycles and can affect the overall number of I/Os a storage system can handle. In addition, data initially must be written to disk or flash drives in an uncompressed form, so the physical storage savings are not as great as they are with inline compression. File system compressionFile system compression takes a fairly straightforward approach to reducing the storage footprint of data by transparently compressing each file as it is written. Many of the popular Linux file systems -- including Reiser4, ZFS and btrfs -- and Microsoft NTFS have a compression option. The server compresses chunks of data in a file and then writes the smaller fragments to storage. Read-back involves a relatively small latency to expand each fragment, while writing adds substantial load to the server, so compression is usually not recommended for data that is volatile. File system compression can weaken performance, so users should deploy it selectively on files that are not accessed frequently. Historically, with the expensive hard drives of early computers, data compression software -- such as DiskDoubler and SuperStor Pro -- was popular and helped establish mainstream file system compression. Storage administrators can also apply the technique of using compression and deduplication for improved data reduction. Technologies and products that use data compressionCompression is built into a wide range of technologies, including storage systems, databases, OSes and software applications used by businesses and enterprise organizations. Compressing data is also common in consumer devices, such as laptops, PCs and mobile phones. Many systems and devices perform compression transparently, but some give users the option to turn compression on or off. It can be performed more than once on the same file or piece of data, but subsequent compressions result in little to no additional compression and may even increase the size of the file to a slight degree, depending on the data compression algorithms. WinZip is a popular Windows program that compresses files when it packages them in an archive. Archive file formats that support compression include ZIP and RAR. The BZIP2 and GZIP formats see widespread use for compressing individual files. Other vendors that offer compression include Dell with its XtremIO all-flash array and Silk (previously Kaminario) with its K2 all-flash array. Data differencingData differencing is a general term for comparing the contents of two data objects. In the context of compression, it involves repetitively searching through the target file to find similar blocks and replacing them with a reference to a library object. This process repeats until it finds no additional duplicate objects. Data differencing can result in many compressed files with just one element in the library representing each duplicated object. In virtual desktops, this technique can feature a compression ratio of as much as 100:1. The process is often more closely aligned with deduplication, which looks for identical files or objects, rather than within the content of each object. Data differencing is sometimes referred to as deduplication. Editor's note: TechTarget editors revised this article in 2022 to improve the reader experience. What are the four primary components of mise en scène?There are broadly 4 elements of mise en scene using which the director stages the scene for the film to provide his audience a visually delightful experience.. The Setting. ... . Costumes and Makeup. ... . Lighting. ... . Characters.. What is cinematographic?cinematography, the art and technology of motion-picture photography. It involves such techniques as the general composition of a scene; the lighting of the set or location; the choice of cameras, lenses, filters, and film stock; the camera angle and movements; and the integration of any special effects.
Which of the following is the measure of how sensitive a film stock is to light?ISO (Film Speed)
ISO is the measurement of a film's speed, defined by its sensitivity to light. The lower the film speed, the less sensitive to light and the finer the grain in the resulting image. The higher the film speed, the more sensitive to light and the larger the visible grain in the final image.
Which member of the camera crew is responsible for putting the film stock in the camera?Loader (Film Loader, Digital Loader)
Historically, the film loader was responsible for putting film into camera magazines. They would go into a dark room to open light-tight canisters of film stock to load into the magazine. They would then give the magazine to the 2nd AC, who would put it on the camera.
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Which of the following is a specialized digital format for compressing video?
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