Done at: Montego Bay Show
Date enacted: 1982-12-10 In force: 1994-11-16 ContentThe States Parties to this Convention, Prompted by the desire to settle, in a spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation, all issues relating to the law of the sea and aware of the historic significance of this Convention as an important contribution to the maintenance of peace, justice and progress for all peoples of the world, Noting that developments since the United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea held at Geneva in 1958 and 1960 have accentuated the need for a new and generally acceptable Convention on the law of the sea, Conscious that the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole, Recognizing the desirability of establishing through this Convention, with due regard for the sovereignty of all States, a legal order for the seas and oceans which will facilitate international communication, and will promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their living resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the marine environment, Bearing in mind that the achievement of these goals will contribute to the realization of a just and equitable international economic order which takes into account the interests and needs of mankind as a whole and, in particular, the special interests and needs of developing countries, whether coastal or land-locked, Desiring by this Convention to develop the principles embodied in resolution 2749 (XXV) of 17 December 1970 in which the General Assembly of the United Nations solemnly declared inter alia that the area of the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as its resources, are the common heritage of mankind, the exploration and exploitation of which shall be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of the geographical location of States, Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of the sea achieved in this Convention will contribute to the strengthening of peace, security, cooperation and friendly relations among all nations in conformity with the principles of justice and equal rights and will promote the economic and social advancement of all peoples of the world, in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations as set forth in the Charter, Affirming that matters not regulated by this Convention continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law, Have agreed as follows: Article 1Use of terms and scope
Article 2Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil
Article 3Breadth of the territorial seaEvery State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention. Article 4Outer limit of the territorial seaThe outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea. Article 5Normal baselineExcept where otherwise provided in this Convention, the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. Article 6ReefsIn the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State. Article 7Straight baselines
Article 8Internal waters
Article 9Mouths of riversIf a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks. Article 10Bays
Article 11PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermost permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works. Article 12RoadsteadsRoadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea. Article 13Low-tide elevations
Article 14Combination of methods for determining baselinesThe coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions. Article 15Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coastsWhere the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other special circumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is at variance therewith. Article 16Charts and lists of geographical coordinates
Subsection A - Rules applicable to all shipsArticle 17Right of innocent passageSubject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. Article 18Meaning of passage
Article 19Meaning of innocent passage
Article 20Submarines and other underwater vehiclesIn the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. Article 21Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage
Article 22Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea
Article 23Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substancesForeign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances shall, when exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea, carry documents and observe special precautionary measures established for such ships by international agreements. Article 24Duties of the coastal State
Article 25Rights of protection of the coastal State
Article 26Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships
Subsection B - Rules applicable to merchant ships and government ships operated for commercial purposesArticle 27Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship
Article 28Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships
Subsection C - Rules applicable to warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposesArticle 29Definition of warshipsFor the purposes of this Convention, "warship" means a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State bearing the external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer duly commissioned by the government of the State and whose name appears in the appropriate service list or its equivalent, and manned by a crew which is under regular armed forces discipline. Article 30Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal StateIf any warship does not comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for compliance therewith which is made to it, the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea immediately. Article 31Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposesThe flag State shall bear international responsibility for any loss or damage to the coastal State resulting from the non-compliance by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes with the laws and regulations of the coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea or with the provisions of this Convention or other rules of international law. Article 32Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposesWith such exceptions as are contained in subsection A and in articles 30 and 31, nothing in this Convention affects the immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes. Article 33Contiguous zone
Article 34Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation
Article 35Scope of this PartNothing in this Part affects:
Article 36High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigationThis Part does not apply to a strait used for international navigation if there exists through the strait a route through the high seas or through an exclusive economic zone of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics; in such routes, the other relevant Parts of this Convention, including the provisions regarding the freedoms of navigation and overflight, apply. Article 37Scope of this sectionThis section applies to straits which are used for international navigation between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone. Article 38Right of transit passage
Article 39Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage
Article 40Research and survey activitiesDuring transit passage, foreign ships, including marine scientific research and hydrographic survey ships, may not carry out any research or survey activities without the prior authorization of the States bordering straits. Article 41Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation
Article 42Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage
Article 43Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollutionUser States and States bordering a strait should by agreement cooperate:
Article 44Duties of States bordering straitsStates bordering straits shall not hamper transit passage and shall give appropriate publicity to any danger to navigation or overflight within or over the strait of which they have knowledge. There shall be no suspension of transit passage. Article 45Innocent passage
Article 46Use of termsFor the purposes of this Convention:
Article 47Archipelagic baselines
Article 48Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelfThe breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf shall be measured from archipelagic baselines drawn in accordance with article 47. Article 49Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil
Article 50Delimitation of internal watersWithin its archipelagic waters, the archipelagic State may draw closing lines for the delimitation of internal waters, in accordance with articles 9, 10 and 11. Article 51Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables
Article 52Right of innocent passage
Article 53Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage
Article 54Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passageArticles 39, 40, 42 and 44 apply mutatis mutandis to archipelagic sea lanes passage. Article 55Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zoneThe exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention. Article 56Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone
Article 57Breadth of the exclusive economic zoneThe exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Article 58Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone
Article 59Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zoneIn cases where this Convention does not attribute rights or jurisdiction to the coastal State or to other States within the exclusive economic zone, and a conflict arises between the interests of the coastal State and any other State or States, the conflict should be resolved on the basis of equity and in the light of all the relevant circumstances, taking into account the respective importance of the interests involved to the parties as well as to the international community as a whole. Article 60Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone
Article 61Conservation of the living resources
Article 62Utilization of the living resources
Article 63Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it
Article 64Highly migratory species
Article 65Marine mammalsNothing in this Part restricts the right of a coastal State or the competence of an international organization, as appropriate, to prohibit, limit or regulate the exploitation of marine mammals more strictly than provided for in this Part. States shall cooperate with a view to the conservation of marine mammals and in the case of cetaceans shall in particular work through the appropriate international organizations for their conservation, management and study. Article 66Anadromous stocks
Article 67Catadromous species
Article 68Sedentary speciesThis Part does not apply to sedentary species as defined in article 77, paragraph 4. Article 69Right of land-locked States
Article 70Right of geographically disadvantaged States
Article 71Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70The provisions of articles 69 and 70 do not apply in the case of a coastal State whose economy is overwhelmingly dependent on the exploitation of the living resources of its exclusive economic zone. Article 72Restrictions on transfer of rights
Article 73Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State
Article 74Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts
Article 75Charts and lists of geographical coordinates
Article 76Definition of the continental shelf
Article 77Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf
Article 78Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States
Article 79Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf
Article 80Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelfArticle 60 applies mutatis mutandis to artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf. Article 81Drilling on the continental shelfThe coastal State shall have the exclusive right to authorize and regulate drilling on the continental shelf for all purposes. Article 82Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
Article 83Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts
Article 84Charts and lists of geographical coordinates
Article 85TunnellingThis Part does not prejudice the right of the coastal State to exploit the subsoil by means of tunnelling, irrespective of the depth of water above the subsoil. Article 86Application of the provisions of this PartThe provisions of this Part apply to all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State. This article does not entail any abridgement of the freedoms enjoyed by all States in the exclusive economic zone in accordance with article 58. Article 87Freedom of the high seas
Article 88Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposesThe high seas shall be reserved for peaceful purposes. Article 89Invalidity of claims of sovereignty over the high seasNo State may validly purport to subject any part of the high seas to its sovereignty. Article 90Right of navigationEvery State, whether coastal or land-locked, has the right to sail ships flying its flag on the high seas. Article 91Nationality of ships
Article 92Status of ships
Article 93Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy AgencyThe preceding articles do not prejudice the question of ships employed on the official service of the United Nations, its specialized agencies or the International Atomic Energy Agency, flying the flag of the organization. Article 94Duties of the flag State
Article 95Immunity of warships on the high seasWarships on the high seas have complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. Article 96Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial serviceShips owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service shall, on the high seas, have complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. Article 97Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or any other incident of navigation
Article 98Duty to render assistance
Article 99Prohibition of the transport of slavesEvery State shall take effective measures to prevent and punish the transport of slaves in ships authorized to fly its flag and to prevent the unlawful use of its flag for that purpose. Any slave taking refuge on board any ship, whatever its flag, shall ipso facto be free. Article 100Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracyAll States shall cooperate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy on the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State. Article 101Definition of piracyPiracy consists of any of the following acts:
Article 102Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutiniedThe acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, committed by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts committed by a private ship or aircraft. Article 103Definition of a pirate ship or aircraftA ship or aircraft is considered a pirate ship or aircraft if it is intended by the persons in dominant control to be used for the purpose of committing one of the acts referred to in article 101. The same applies if the ship or aircraft has been used to commit any such act, so long as it remains under the control of the persons guilty of that act. Article 104Retention or loss of the nationality of a pirate ship or aircraftA ship or aircraft may retain its nationality although it has become a pirate ship or aircraft. The retention or loss of nationality is determined by the law of the State from which such nationality was derived. Article 105Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraftOn the high seas, or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State, every State may seize a pirate ship or aircraft, or a ship or aircraft taken by piracy and under the control of pirates, and arrest the persons and seize the property on board. The courts of the State which carried out the seizure may decide upon the penalties to be imposed, and may also determine the action to be taken with regard to the ships, aircraft or property, subject to the rights of third parties acting in good faith. Article 106Liability for seizure without adequate groundsWhere the seizure of a ship or aircraft on suspicion of piracy has been effected without adequate grounds, the State making the seizure shall be liable to the State the nationality of which is possessed by the ship or aircraft for any loss or damage caused by the seizure. Article 107Ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracyA seizure on account of piracy may be carried out only by warships or military aircraft, or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect. Article 108Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances
Article 109Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas
Article 110Right of visit
Article 111Right of hot pursuit
Article 112Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines
Article 113Breaking or injury of a submarine cable or pipelineEvery State shall adopt the laws and regulations necessary to provide that the breaking or injury by a ship flying its flag or by a person subject to its jurisdiction of a submarine cable beneath the high seas done wilfully or through culpable negligence, in such a manner as to be liable to interrupt or obstruct telegraphic or telephonic communications, and similarly the breaking or injury of a submarine pipeline or high-voltage power cable, shall be a punishable offence. This provision shall apply also to conduct calculated or likely to result in such breaking or injury. However, it shall not apply to any break or injury caused by persons who acted merely with the legitimate object of saving their lives or their ships, after having taken all necessary precautions to avoid such break or injury. Article 114Breaking or injury by owners of a submarine cable or pipeline of another submarine cable or pipelineEvery State shall adopt the laws and regulations necessary to provide that, if persons subject to its jurisdiction who are the owners of a submarine cable or pipeline beneath the high seas, in laying or repairing that cable or pipeline, cause a break in or injury to another cable or pipeline, they shall bear the cost of the repairs. Article 115Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipelineEvery State shall adopt the laws and regulations necessary to ensure that the owners of ships who can prove that they have sacrificed an anchor, a net or any other fishing gear, in order to avoid injuring a submarine cable or pipeline, shall be indemnified by the owner of the cable or pipeline, provided that the owner of the ship has taken all reasonable precautionary measures beforehand. Article 116Right to fish on the high seasAll States have the right for their nationals to engage in fishing on the high seas subject to:
Article 117Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seasAll States have the duty to take, or to cooperate with other States in taking, such measures for their respective nationals as may be necessary for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas. Article 118Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resourcesStates shall cooperate with each other in the conservation and management of living resources in the areas of the high seas. States whose nationals exploit identical living resources, or different living resources in the same area, shall enter into negotiations with a view to taking the measures necessary for the conservation of the living resources concerned. They shall, as appropriate, cooperate to establish subregional or regional fisheries organizations to this end. Article 119Conservation of the living resources of the high seas
Article 120Marine mammalsArticle 65 also applies to the conservation and management of marine mammals in the high seas. Article 121Regime of islands
Article 122DefinitionFor the purposes of this Convention, "enclosed or semi-enclosed sea" means a gulf, basin or sea surrounded by two or more States and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States. Article 123Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seasStates bordering an enclosed or semi-enclosed sea should cooperate with each other in the exercise of their rights and in the performance of their duties under this Convention. To this end they shall endeavour, directly or through an appropriate regional organization:
Article 124Use of terms
Article 125Right of access to and from the sea and freedom of transit
Article 126Exclusion of application of the most-favoured-nation clauseThe provisions of this Convention, as well as special agreements relating to the exercise of the right of access to and from the sea, establishing rights and facilities on account of the special geographical position of land-locked States, are excluded from the application of the most-favoured-nation clause. Article 127Customs duties, taxes and other charges
Article 128Free zones and other customs facilitiesFor the convenience of traffic in transit, free zones or other customs facilities may be provided at the ports of entry and exit in the transit States, by agreement between those States and the land-locked States. Article 129Cooperation in the construction and improvement of means of transportWhere there are no means of transport in transit States to give effect to the freedom of transit or where the existing means, including the port installations and equipment, are inadequate in any respect, the transit States and land-locked States concerned may cooperate in constructing or improving them. Article 130Measures to avoid or eliminate delays or other difficulties of a technical nature in traffic in transit
Article 131Equal treatment in maritime portsShips flying the flag of land-locked States shall enjoy treatment equal to that accorded to other foreign ships in maritime ports. Article 132Grant of greater transit facilitiesThis Convention does not entail in any way the withdrawal of transit facilities which are greater than those provided for in this Convention and which are agreed between States Parties to this Convention or granted by a State Party. This Convention also does not preclude such grant of greater facilities in the future. Article 133Use of termsFor the purposes of this Part:
Article 134Scope of this Part
Article 135Legal status of the superjacent waters and air spaceNeither this Part nor any rights granted or exercised pursuant thereto shall affect the legal status of the waters superjacent to the Area or that of the air space above those waters. Article 136Common heritage of mankindThe Area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind. Article 137Legal status of the Area and its resources
Article 138General conduct of States in relation to the AreaThe general conduct of States in relation to the Area shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Part, the principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and other rules of international law in the interests of maintaining peace and security and promoting international cooperation and mutual understanding. Article 139Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage
Article 140Benefit of mankind
Article 141Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposesThe Area shall be open to use exclusively for peaceful purposes by all States, whether coastal or land-locked, without discrimination and without prejudice to the other provisions of this Part. Article 142Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States
Article 143Marine scientific research
Article 144Transfer of technology
Article 145Protection of the marine environmentNecessary measures shall be taken in accordance with this Convention with respect to activities in the Area to ensure effective protection for the marine environment from harmful effects which may arise from such activities. To this end the Authority shall adopt appropriate rules, regulations and procedures for inter alia:
Article 146Protection of human lifeWith respect to activities in the Area, necessary measures shall be taken to ensure effective protection of human life. To this end the Authority shall adopt appropriate rules, regulations and procedures to supplement existing international law as embodied in relevant treaties. Article 147Accommodation of activities in the Area and in the marine environment
Article 148Participation of developing States in activities in the AreaThe effective participation of developing States in activities in the Area shall be promoted as specifically provided for in this Part, having due regard to their special interests and needs, and in particular to the special need of the land-locked and geographically disadvantaged among them to overcome obstacles arising from their disadvantaged location, including remoteness from the Area and difficulty of access to and from it. Article 149Archaeological and historical objectsAll objects of an archaeological and historical nature found in the Area shall be preserved or disposed of for the benefit of mankind as a whole, particular regard being paid to the preferential rights of the State or country of origin, or the State of cultural origin, or the State of historical and archaeological origin. Article 150Policies relating to activities in the AreaActivities in the Area shall, as specifically provided for in this Part, be carried out in such a manner as to foster healthy development of the world economy and balanced growth of international trade, and to promote international cooperation for the over-all development of all countries, especially developing States, and with a view to ensuring:
Article 151Production policies
Article 152Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority
Article 153System of exploration and exploitation
Article 154Periodic reviewEvery five years from the entry into force of this Convention, the Assembly shall undertake a general and systematic review of the manner in which the international regime of the Area established in this Convention has operated in practice. In the light of this review the Assembly may take, or recommend that other organs take, measures in accordance with the provisions and procedures of this Part and the Annexes relating thereto which will lead to the improvement of the operation of the regime. Article 155The Review Conference
Subsection A - General provisionsArticle 156Establishment of the Authority
Article 157Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority
Article 158Organs of the Authority
Subsection B - The AssemblyArticle 159Composition, procedure and voting
Article 160Powers and functions
Subsection C - The CouncilArticle 161Composition, procedure and voting
Article 162Powers and functions
Article 163Organs of the Council
Article 164The Economic Planning Commission
Article 165The Legal and Technical Commission
Subsection D - The SecretariatArticle 166The Secretariat
Article 167The staff of the Authority
Article 168International character of the Secretariat
Article 169Consultation and cooperation with international and non-governmental organizations
Subsection E - The EnterpriseArticle 170The Enterprise
Subsection F - Financial arrangements of the AuthorityArticle 171Funds of the AuthorityThe funds of the Authority shall include:
Article 172Annual budget of the AuthorityThe Secretary-General shall draft the proposed annual budget of the Authority and submit it to the Council. The Council shall consider the proposed annual budget and submit it to the Assembly, together with any recommendations thereon. The Assembly shall consider and approve the proposed annual budget in accordance with article 160, paragraph 2(h). Article 173Expenses of the Authority
Article 174Borrowing power of the Authority
Article 175Annual auditThe records, books and accounts of the Authority, including its annual financial statements, shall be audited annually by an independent auditor appointed by the Assembly. Subsection G - Legal status, privileges and immunitiesArticle 176Legal statusThe Authority shall have international legal personality and such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes. Article 177Privileges and immunitiesTo enable the Authority to exercise its functions, it shall enjoy in the territory of each State Party the privileges and immunities set forth in this subsection. The privileges and immunities relating to the Enterprise shall be those set forth in Annex IV, article 13. Article 178Immunity from legal processThe Authority, its property and assets, shall enjoy immunity from legal process except to the extent that the Authority expressly waives this immunity in a particular case. Article 179Immunity from search and any form of seizureThe property and assets of the Authority, wherever located and by whomsoever held, shall be immune from search, requisition, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure by executive or legislative action. Article 180Exemption from restrictions, regulations, controls and moratoriaThe property and assets of the Authority shall be exempt from restrictions, regulations, controls and moratoria of any nature. Article 181Archives and official communications of the Authority
Article 182Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with the AuthorityRepresentatives of States Parties attending meetings of the Assembly, the Council or organs of the Assembly or the Council, and the Secretary-General and staff of the Authority, shall enjoy in the territory of each State Party:
Article 183Exemption from taxes and customs duties
Subsection H - Suspension of the exercise of rights and privileges of membersArticle 184Suspension of the exercise of voting rightsA State Party which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Authority shall have no vote if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. The Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the member. Article 185Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership
Article 186Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaThe establishment of the Seabed Disputes Chamber and the manner in which it shall exercise its jurisdiction shall be governed by the provisions of this section, of Part XV and of Annex VI. Article 187Jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes ChamberThe Seabed Disputes Chamber shall have jurisdiction under this Part and the Annexes relating thereto in disputes with respect to activities in the Area falling within the following categories:
Article 188Submission of disputes to a special chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or an ad hoc chamber of the Seabed Disputes Chamber or to binding commercial arbitration
Article 189Limitation on jurisdiction with regard to decisions of the AuthorityThe Seabed Disputes Chamber shall have no jurisdiction with regard to the exercise by the Authority of its discretionary powers in accordance with this Part; in no case shall it substitute its discretion for that of the Authority. Without prejudice to article 191, in exercising its jurisdiction pursuant to article 187, the Seabed Disputes Chamber shall not pronounce itself on the question of whether any rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority are in conformity with this Convention, nor declare invalid any such rules, regulations and procedures. Its jurisdiction in this regard shall be confined to deciding claims that the application of any rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority in individual cases would be in conflict with the contractual obligations of the parties to the dispute or their obligations under this Convention, claims concerning excess of jurisdiction or misuse of power, and to claims for damages to be paid or other remedy to be given to the party concerned for the failure of the other party to comply with its contractual obligations or its obligations under this Convention. Article 190Participation and appearance of sponsoring States Parties in proceedings
Article 191Advisory opinionsThe Seabed Disputes Chamber shall give advisory opinions at the request of the Assembly or the Council on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities. Such opinions shall be given as a matter of urgency. Article 192General obligationStates have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment.
Article 193Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resourcesStates have the sovereign right to exploit their natural resources pursuant to their environmental policies and in accordance with their duty to protect and preserve the marine environment. Article 194Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment
Article 195Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into anotherIn taking measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment, States shall act so as not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or hazards from one area to another or transform one type of pollution into another. Article 196Use of technologies or introduction of alien or new species
Article 197Cooperation on a global or regional basisStates shall cooperate on a global basis and, as appropriate, on a regional basis, directly or through competent international organizations, in formulating and elaborating international rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures consistent with this Convention, for the protection and preservation of the marine environment, taking into account characteristic regional features. Article 198Notification of imminent or actual damageWhen a State becomes aware of cases in which the marine environment is in imminent danger of being damaged or has been damaged by pollution, it shall immediately notify other States it deems likely to be affected by such damage, as well as the competent international organizations. Article 199Contingency plans against pollutionIn the cases referred to in article 198, States in the area affected, in accordance with their capabilities, and the competent international organizations shall cooperate, to the extent possible, in eliminating the effects of pollution and preventing or minimizing the damage. To this end, States shall jointly develop and promote contingency plans for responding to pollution incidents in the marine environment. Article 200Studies, research programmes and exchange of information and dataStates shall cooperate, directly or through competent international organizations, for the purpose of promoting studies, undertaking programmes of scientific research and encouraging the exchange of information and data acquired about pollution of the marine environment. They shall endeavour to participate actively in regional and global programmes to acquire knowledge for the assessment of the nature and extent of pollution, exposure to it, and its pathways, risks and remedies. Article 201Scientific criteria for regulationsIn the light of the information and data acquired pursuant to article 200, States shall cooperate, directly or through competent international organizations, in establishing appropriate scientific criteria for the formulation and elaboration of rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment. Article 202Scientific and technical assistance to developing StatesStates shall, directly or through competent international organizations:
Article 203Preferential treatment for developing StatesDeveloping States shall, for the purposes of prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment or minimization of its effects, be granted preference by international organizations in:
Article 204Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution
Article 205Publication of reportsStates shall publish reports of the results obtained pursuant to article 204 or provide such reports at appropriate intervals to the competent international organizations, which should make them available to all States. Article 206Assessment of potential effects of activitiesWhen States have reasonable grounds for believing that planned activities under their jurisdiction or control may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment, they shall, as far as practicable, assess the potential effects of such activities on the marine environment and shall communicate reports of the results of such assessments in the manner provided in article 205. Article 207Pollution from land-based sources
Article 208Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction
Article 209Pollution from activities in the Area
Article 210Pollution by dumping
Article 211Pollution from vessels
Article 212Pollution from or through the atmosphere
Article 213Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sourcesStates shall enforce their laws and regulations adopted in accordance with article 207 and shall adopt laws and regulations and take other measures necessary to implement applicable international rules and standards established through competent international organizations or diplomatic conference to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from land-based sources. Article 214Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activitiesStates shall enforce their laws and regulations adopted in accordance with article 208 and shall adopt laws and regulations and take other measures necessary to implement applicable international rules and standards established through competent international organizations or diplomatic conference to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment arising from or in connection with seabed activities subject to their jurisdiction and from artificial islands, installations and structures under their jurisdiction, pursuant to articles 60 and 80. Article 215Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the AreaEnforcement of international rules, regulations and procedures established in accordance with Part XI to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from activities in the Area shall be governed by that Part. Article 216Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping
Article 217Enforcement by flag States
Article 218Enforcement by port States
Article 219Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollutionSubject to section 7, States which, upon request or on their own initiative, have ascertained that a vessel within one of their ports or at one of their off-shore terminals is in violation of applicable international rules and standards relating to seaworthiness of vessels and thereby threatens damage to the marine environment shall, as far as practicable, take administrative measures to prevent the vessel from sailing. Such States may permit the vessel to proceed only to the nearest appropriate repair yard and, upon removal of the causes of the violation, shall permit the vessel to continue immediately. Article 220Enforcement by coastal States
Article 221Measures to avoid pollution arising from maritime casualties
Article 222Enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphereStates shall enforce, within the air space under their sovereignty or with regard to vessels flying their flag or vessels or aircraft of their registry, their laws and regulations adopted in accordance with article 212, paragraph 1, and with other provisions of this Convention and shall adopt laws and regulations and take other measures necessary to implement applicable international rules and standards established through competent international organizations or diplomatic conference to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from or through the atmosphere, in conformity with all relevant international rules and standards concerning the safety of air navigation. Article 223Measures to facilitate proceedingsIn proceedings instituted pursuant to this Part, States shall take measures to facilitate the hearing of witnesses and the admission of evidence submitted by authorities of another State, or by the competent international organization, and shall facilitate the attendance at such proceedings of official representatives of the competent international organization, the flag State and any State affected by pollution arising out of any violation. The official representatives attending such proceedings shall have such rights and duties as may be provided under national laws and regulations or international law. Article 224Exercise of powers of enforcementThe powers of enforcement against foreign vessels under this Part may only be exercised by officials or by warships, military aircraft, or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect. Article 225Duty to avoid adverse consequences in the exercise of the powers of enforcementIn the exercise under this Convention of their powers of enforcement against foreign vessels, States shall not endanger the safety of navigation or otherwise create any hazard to a vessel, or bring it to an unsafe port or anchorage, or expose the marine environment to an unreasonable risk. Article 226Investigation of foreign vessels
Article 227Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vesselsIn exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Part, States shall not discriminate in form or in fact against vessels of any other State. Article 228Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings
Article 229Institution of civil proceedingsNothing in this Convention affects the institution of civil proceedings in respect of any claim for loss or damage resulting from pollution of the marine environment. Article 230Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused
Article 231Notification to the flag State and other States concernedStates shall promptly notify the flag State and any other State concerned of any measures taken pursuant to section 6 against foreign vessels, and shall submit to the flag State all official reports concerning such measures. However, with respect to violations committed in the territorial sea, the foregoing obligations of the coastal State apply only to such measures as are taken in proceedings. The diplomatic agents or consular officers and where possible the maritime authority of the flag State, shall be immediately informed of any such measures taken pursuant to section 6 against foreign vessels. Article 232Liability of States arising from enforcement measuresStates shall be liable for damage or loss attributable to them arising from measures taken pursuant to section 6 when such measures are unlawful or exceed those reasonably required in the light of available information. States shall provide for recourse in their courts for actions in respect of such damage or loss. Article 233Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigationNothing in sections 5, 6 and 7 affects the legal regime of straits used for international navigation. However, if a foreign ship other than those referred to in section 10 has committed a violation of the laws and regulations referred to in article 42, paragraph 1(a) and (b), causing or threatening major damage to the marine environment of the straits, the States bordering the straits may take appropriate enforcement measures and if so shall respect mutatis mutandis the provisions of this section. Article 234Ice-covered areasCoastal States have the right to adopt and enforce non-discriminatory laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution from vessels in ice-covered areas within the limits of the exclusive economic zone, where particularly severe climatic conditions and the presence of ice covering such areas for most of the year create obstructions or exceptional hazards to navigation, and pollution of the marine environment could cause major harm to or irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. Such laws and regulations shall have due regard to navigation and the protection and preservation of the marine environment based on the best available scientific evidence. Article 235Responsibility and liability
Article 236Sovereign immunityThe provisions of this Convention regarding the protection and preservation of the marine environment do not apply to any warship, naval auxiliary, other vessels or aircraft owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government non-commercial service. However, each State shall ensure, by the adoption of appropriate measures not impairing operations or operational capabilities of such vessels or aircraft owned or operated by it, that such vessels or aircraft act in a manner consistent, so far as is reasonable and practicable, with this Convention. Article 237Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment
Article 238Right to conduct marine scientific researchAll States, irrespective of their geographical location, and competent international organizations have the right to conduct marine scientific research subject to the rights and duties of other States as provided for in this Convention. Article 239Promotion of marine scientific researchStates and competent international organizations shall promote and facilitate the development and conduct of marine scientific research in accordance with this Convention. Article 240General principles for the conduct of marine scientific researchIn the conduct of marine scientific research the following principles shall apply:
Article 241Non-recognition of marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for claimsMarine scientific research activities shall not constitute the legal basis for any claim to any part of the marine environment or its resources. Article 242Promotion of international cooperation
Article 243Creation of favourable conditionsStates and competent international organizations shall cooperate, through the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements, to create favourable conditions for the conduct of marine scientific research in the marine environment and to integrate the efforts of scientists in studying the essence of phenomena and processes occurring in the marine environment and the interrelations between them. Article 244Publication and dissemination of information and knowledge
Article 245Marine scientific research in the territorial seaCoastal States, in the exercise of their sovereignty, have the exclusive right to regulate, authorize and conduct marine scientific research in their territorial sea. Marine scientific research therein shall be conducted only with the express consent of and under the conditions set forth by the coastal State. Article 246Marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf
Article 247Marine scientific research projects undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizationsA coastal State which is a member of or has a bilateral agreement with an international organization, and in whose exclusive economic zone or on whose continental shelf that organization wants to carry out a marine scientific research project, directly or under its auspices, shall be deemed to have authorized the project to be carried out in conformity with the agreed specifications if that State approved the detailed project when the decision was made by the organization for the undertaking of the project, or is willing to participate in it, and has not expressed any objection within four months of notification of the project by the organization to the coastal State. Article 248Duty to provide information to the coastal StateStates and competent international organizations which intend to undertake marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf of a coastal State shall, not less than six months in advance of the expected starting date of the marine scientific research project, provide that State with a full description of:
Article 249Duty to comply with certain conditions
Article 250Communications concerning marine scientific research projectsCommunications concerning the marine scientific research projects shall be made through appropriate official channels, unless otherwise agreed. Article 251General criteria and guidelinesStates shall seek to promote through competent international organizations the establishment of general criteria and guidelines to assist States in ascertaining the nature and implications of marine scientific research. Article 252Implied consentStates or competent international organizations may proceed with a marine scientific research project six months after the date upon which the information required pursuant to article 248 was provided to the coastal State unless within four months of the receipt of the communication containing such information the coastal State has informed the State or organization conducting the research that:
Article 253Suspension or cessation of marine scientific research activities
Article 254Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States
Article 255Measures to facilitate marine scientific research and assist research vesselsStates shall endeavour to adopt reasonable rules, regulations and procedures to promote and facilitate marine scientific research conducted in accordance with this Convention beyond their territorial sea and, as appropriate, to facilitate, subject to the provisions of their laws and regulations, access to their harbours and promote assistance for marine scientific research vessels which comply with the relevant provisions of this Part. Article 256Marine scientific research in the AreaAll States, irrespective of their geographical location, and competent international organizations have the right, in conformity with the provisions of Part XI, to conduct marine scientific research in the Area. Article 257Marine scientific research in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zoneAll States, irrespective of their geographical location, and competent international organizations have the right, in conformity with this Convention, to conduct marine scientific research in the water column beyond the limits of the exclusive economic zone. Article 258Deployment and useThe deployment and use of any type of scientific research installations or equipment in any area of the marine environment shall be subject to the same conditions as are prescribed in this Convention for the conduct of marine scientific research in any such area. Article 259Legal statusThe installations or equipment referred to in this section do not possess the status of islands. They have no territorial sea of their own, and their presence does not affect the delimitation of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf. Article 260Safety zonesSafety zones of a reasonable breadth not exceeding a distance of 500 metres may be created around scientific research installations in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Convention. All States shall ensure that such safety zones are respected by their vessels. Article 261Non-interference with shipping routesThe deployment and use of any type of scientific research installations or equipment shall not constitute an obstacle to established international shipping routes. Article 262Identification markings and warning signalsInstallations or equipment referred to in this section shall bear identification markings indicating the State of registry or the international organization to which they belong and shall have adequate internationally agreed warning signals to ensure safety at sea and the safety of air navigation, taking into account rules and standards established by competent international organizations. Article 263Responsibility and liability
Article 264Settlement of disputesDisputes concerning the interpretation or application of the provisions of this Convention with regard to marine scientific research shall be settled in accordance with Part XV, sections 2 and 3. Article 265Interim measuresPending settlement of a dispute in accordance with Part XV, sections 2 and 3, the State or competent international organization authorized to conduct a marine scientific research project shall not allow research activities to commence or continue without the express consent of the coastal State concerned. Article 266Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology
Article 267Protection of legitimate interestsStates, in promoting cooperation pursuant to article 266, shall have due regard for all legitimate interests including, inter alia, the rights and duties of holders, suppliers and recipients of marine technology. Article 268Basic objectivesStates, directly or through competent international organizations, shall promote:
Article 269Measures to achieve the basic objectivesIn order to achieve the objectives referred to in article 268, States, directly or through competent international organizations, shall endeavour, inter alia, to:
Article 270Ways and means of international cooperationInternational cooperation for the development and transfer of marine technology shall be carried out, where feasible and appropriate, through existing bilateral, regional or multilateral programmes, and also through expanded and new programmes in order to facilitate marine scientific research, the transfer of marine technology, particularly in new fields, and appropriate international funding for ocean research and development. Article 271Guidelines, criteria and standardsStates, directly or through competent international organizations, shall promote the establishment of generally accepted guidelines, criteria and standards for the transfer of marine technology on a bilateral basis or within the framework of international organizations and other fora, taking into account, in particular, the interests and needs of developing States. Article 272Coordination of international programmesIn the field of transfer of marine technology, States shall endeavour to ensure that competent international organizations coordinate their activities, including any regional or global programmes, taking into account the interests and needs of developing States, particularly land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States. Article 273Cooperation with international organizations and the AuthorityStates shall cooperate actively with competent international organizations and the Authority to encourage and facilitate the transfer to developing States, their nationals and the Enterprise of skills and marine technology with regard to activities in the Area. Article 274Objectives of the AuthoritySubject to all legitimate interests including, inter alia, the rights and duties of holders, suppliers and recipients of technology, the Authority, with regard to activities in the Area, shall ensure that:
Article 275Establishment of national centres
Article 276Establishment of regional centres
Article 277Functions of regional centresThe functions of such regional centres shall include, inter alia:
Article 278Cooperation among international organizationsThe competent international organizations referred to in this Part and in Part XIII shall take all appropriate measures to ensure, either directly or in close cooperation among themselves, the effective discharge of their functions and responsibilities under this Part. Article 279Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful meansStates Parties shall settle any dispute between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention by peaceful means in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations and, to this end, shall seek a solution by the means indicated in Article 33, paragraph 1, of the Charter. Article 280Settlement of disputes by any peaceful means chosen by the partiesNothing in this Part impairs the right of any States Parties to agree at any time to settle a dispute between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention by any peaceful means of their own choice. Article 281Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties
Article 282Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreementsIf the States Parties which are parties to a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention have agreed, through a general, regional or bilateral agreement or otherwise, that such dispute shall, at the request of any party to the dispute, be submitted to a procedure that entails a binding decision, that procedure shall apply in lieu of the procedures provided for in this Part, unless the parties to the dispute otherwise agree. Article 283Obligation to exchange views
Article 284Conciliation
Article 285Application of this section to disputes submitted pursuant to Part XIThis section applies to any dispute which pursuant to Part XI, section 5, is to be settled in accordance with procedures provided for in this Part. If an entity other than a State Party is a party to such a dispute, this section applies mutatis mutandis. Article 286Application of procedures under this sectionSubject to section 3, any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention shall, where no settlement has been reached by recourse to section 1, be submitted at the request of any party to the dispute to the court or tribunal having jurisdiction under this section. Article 287Choice of procedure
Article 288Jurisdiction
Article 289ExpertsIn any dispute involving scientific or technical matters, a court or tribunal exercising jurisdiction under this section may, at the request of a party or proprio motu, select in consultation with the parties no fewer than two scientific or technical experts chosen preferably from the relevant list prepared in accordance with Annex VIII, article 2, to sit with the court or tribunal but without the right to vote. Article 290Provisional measures
Article 291Access
Article 292Prompt release of vessels and crews
Article 293Applicable law
Article 294Preliminary proceedings
Article 295Exhaustion of local remediesAny dispute between States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention may be submitted to the procedures provided for in this section only after local remedies have been exhausted where this is required by international law. Article 296Finality and binding force of decisions
Article 297Limitations on applicability of section 2
Article 298Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2
Article 299Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure
Article 300Good faith and abuse of rightsStates Parties shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed under this Convention and shall exercise the rights, jurisdiction and freedoms recognized in this Convention in a manner which would not constitute an abuse of right. Article 301Peaceful uses of the seasIn exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Convention, States Parties shall refrain from any threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations. Article 302Disclosure of informationWithout prejudice to the right of a State Party to resort to the procedures for the settlement of disputes provided for in this Convention, nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to require a State Party, in the fulfilment of its obligations under this Convention, to supply information the disclosure of which is contrary to the essential interests of its security. Article 303Archaeological and historical objects found at sea
Article 304Responsibility and liability for damageThe provisions of this Convention regarding responsibility and liability for damage are without prejudice to the application of existing rules and the development of further rules regarding responsibility and liability under international law. Article 305Signature
Article 306Ratification and formal confirmationThis Convention is subject to ratification by States and the other entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d) and (e), and to formal confirmation, in accordance with Annex IX, by the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(f). The instruments of ratification and of formal confirmation shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article 307AccessionThis Convention shall remain open for accession by States and the other entities referred to in article 305. Accession by the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(f), shall be in accordance with Annex IX. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article 308Entry into force
Article 309Reservations and exceptionsNo reservations or exceptions may be made to this Convention unless expressly permitted by other articles of this Convention. Article 310Declarations and statementsArticle 309 does not preclude a State, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, from making declarations or statements, however phrased or named, with a view, inter alia, to the harmonization of its laws and regulations with the provisions of this Convention, provided that such declarations or statements do not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Convention in their application to that State. Article 311Relation to other conventions and international agreements
Article 312Amendment
Article 313Amendment by simplified procedure
Article 314Amendments to the provisions of this Convention relating exclusively to activities in the Area
Article 315Signature, ratification of, accession to and authentic texts of amendments
Article 316Entry into force of amendments
Article 317Denunciation
Article 318Status of AnnexesThe Annexes form an integral part of this Convention and, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this Convention or to one of its Parts includes a reference to the Annexes relating thereto. Article 319Depositary
Article 320Authentic textsThe original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall, subject to article 305, paragraph 2, be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention. Done at Montego Bay, this tenth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two. Highly migratory species[Omitted] Commission on the Limits of the Continental ShelfArticle 1In accordance with the provisions of article 76, a Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nautical miles shall be established in conformity with the following articles. Article 2
Article 3
Article 4Where a coastal State intends to establish, in accordance with article 76, the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, it shall submit particulars of such limits to the Commission along with supporting scientific and technical data as soon as possible but in any case within 10 years of the entry into force of this Convention for that State. The coastal State shall at the same time give the names of any Commission members who have provided it with scientific and technical advice. Article 5Unless the Commission decides otherwise, the Commission shall function by way of sub-commissions composed of seven members, appointed in a balanced manner taking into account the specific elements of each submission by a coastal State. Nationals of the coastal State making the submission who are members of the Commission and any Commission member who has assisted a coastal State by providing scientific and technical advice with respect to the delineation shall not be a member of the sub-commission dealing with that submission but has the right to participate as a member in the proceedings of the Commission concerning the said submission. The coastal State which has made a submission to the Commission may send its representatives to participate in the relevant proceedings without the right to vote. Article 6
Article 7Coastal States shall establish the outer limits of the continental shelf in conformity with the provisions of article 76, paragraph 8, and in accordance with the appropriate national procedures. Article 8In the case of disagreement by the coastal State with the recommendations of the Commission, the coastal State shall, within a reasonable time, make a revised or new submission to the Commission. Article 9The actions of the Commission shall not prejudice matters relating to delimitation of boundaries between States with opposite or adjacent coasts. Basic conditions of prospecting, exploration and exploitation[Omitted] Statute of the Enterprise[Omitted] Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaArticle 1General provisions
Section 1 - Organization of the TribunalArticle 2Composition
Article 3Membership
Article 4Nominations and elections
Article 5Term of office
Article 6Vacancies
Article 7Incompatible activities
Article 8Conditions relating to participation of members in a particular case
Article 9Consequence of ceasing to fulfil required conditionsIf, in the unanimous opinion of the other members of the Tribunal, a member has ceased to fulfil the required conditions, the President of the Tribunal shall declare the seat vacant. Article 10Privileges and immunitiesThe members of the Tribunal, when engaged on the business of the Tribunal, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. Article 11Solemn declaration by membersEvery member of the Tribunal shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open session that he will exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously. Article 12President, Vice President and Registrar
Article 13Quorum
Article 14Seabed Disputes ChamberA Seabed Disputes Chamber shall be established in accordance with the provisions of section 4 of this Annex. Its jurisdiction, powers and functions shall be as provided for in Part XI, section 5. Article 15Special chambers
Article 16Rules of the TribunalThe Tribunal shall frame rules for carrying out its functions. In particular it shall lay down rules of procedure. Article 17Nationality of members
Article 18Remuneration of members
Article 19Expenses of the Tribunal
Section 2 - CompetenceArticle 20Access to the Tribunal
Article 21JurisdictionThe jurisdiction of the Tribunal comprises all disputes and all applications submitted to it in accordance with this Convention and all matters specifically provided for in any other agreement which confers jurisdiction on the Tribunal. Article 22Reference of disputes subject to other agreementsIf all the parties to a treaty or convention already in force and concerning the subject matter covered by this Convention so agree, any disputes concerning the interpretation or application of such treaty or convention may, in accordance with such agreement, be submitted to the Tribunal. Article 23Applicable lawThe Tribunal shall decide all disputes and applications in accordance with article 293. Section 3 - ProcedureArticle 24Institution of proceedings
Article 25Provisional measures
Article 26Hearing
Article 27Conduct of caseThe Tribunal shall make orders for the conduct of the case, decide the form and time in which each party must conclude its arguments, and make all arrangements connected with the taking of evidence. Article 28DefaultWhen one of the parties does not appear before the Tribunal or fails to defend its case, the other party may request the Tribunal to continue the proceedings and make its decision. Absence of a party or failure of a party to defend its case shall not constitute a bar to the proceedings. Before making its decision, the Tribunal must satisfy itself not only that it has jurisdiction over the dispute, but also that the claim is well founded in fact and law. Article 29Majority for decision
Article 30Judgment
Article 31Request to intervene
Article 32Right to intervene in cases of interpretation or application
Article 33Finality and binding force of decisions
Article 34CostsUnless otherwise decided by the Tribunal, each party shall bear its own costs. Section 4 - Seabed Disputes ChamberArticle 35Composition
Article 36Ad hoc chambers
Article 37AccessThe Chamber shall be open to the States Parties, the Authority and the other entities referred to in Part XI, section 5. Article 38Applicable lawIn addition to the provisions of article 293, the Chamber shall apply:
Article 39Enforcement of decisions of the ChamberThe decisions of the Chamber shall be enforceable in the territories of the States Parties in the same manner as judgments or orders of the highest court of the State Party in whose territory the enforcement is sought. Article 40Applicability of other sections of this Annex
Section 5 - AmendmentsArticle 41Amendments
Special arbitration[Omitted] Participation by international organizations[Omitted] Number of ratifications: 167 Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea (Republic of), Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Which of the following best explains the governance of the shaded areas shown on the map?16. which of the following best explains the governance of the shaded areas shown on the map? D. these areas show where indigenous peoples have limited amount of self-government at a national scale.
What is the law of the sea quizlet?UNCLOS. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
Which of the following describes a unitary form of governance quizlet?Which of the following describes a unitary form of governance? A state has a strong central government with no power given to regions. Unitary governments are a form of governance in which there is a strong center of power exercising control over an entire state.
Which of the following best explains why the region of Catalonia in Spain to be a viable country?Which of the following best explains why the region of Catalonia in Spain could be a viable country? Catalonia is well developed economically compared to other regions in Spain.
|