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Terms in this set (45)The first time Mrs. Tucker ate sour candy her mouth puckered. Now, if she even sees a piece of sour candy, her mouth puckers. The sour candy in Mrs. Tucker's mouth that caused the original reaction would be called the ______, in classical conditioning. conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Pavlov's groundbreaking work on the learning process, known as classical conditioning, involved the repeated pairing of a ______ stimulus with a(n) ______ stimulus. neutral; response-producing neutral; response-producing Rose has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that the motorcycle is now a(n) ______, and the heart racing and body sweating is the ______. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response Dr. Ramos is a behavioral psychologist who conducts basic research using animals in carefully controlled laboratory studies. The goal of his research is likely to: collect and sell saliva from dogs and other animals. identify the general principles of learning that apply across a wide range of species, including humans. Which of the following perspectives posits that both mental processes and external events are involved in the learning of new behaviors? biological perspective cognitive perspective Francine is studying nonreinforced, natural behaviors. It is likely that she is going to be tested on: observational learning. operant conditioning. Which of the following perspectives posits that both mental processes and external events are involved in the learning of new behaviors? behavioral perspective cognitive perspective Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for: extrinsic motivation. observational learning. Your friend Peter has trained his dog to salivate every time Peter rings a bell, since the dog associates getting to eat when he hears the bell. Peter then decides to pair a light with the bell, then eventually removing the bell. Now his dog salivates when he only sees the light. Peter has just succeeded at a procedure known as: higher order conditioning. higher order conditioning. Based on the discussion of biological preparedness and conditioned fears in the In Focus box titled "Evolution, Biological Preparedness, and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You The Creeps?," which of the following can be said about phobias? They are not very
selective. They seem quite selective. When Juanita gets paid, she uses the money to buy food to feed her family. For Juanita, money is a ______ reinforcer and food is a ______ reinforcer. primary; negative conditioned; primary Mrs. Taylor's third grade class has a "class clown" named Henry. Every time Henry makes faces or engages in other inappropriate behavior in class, he gets yelled at by Mrs. Taylor. According to Skinner's operant conditioning paradigm, Henry's bad behavior is likely to ______, because of Mrs. Taylor's use of ______. decrease; reinforcement increase; reinforcement The American psychologist who, by means of careful experimentation, demonstrated that taste aversions in animals were learned was: Robert A. Rescorla. John Garcia. Erv developed a fear of attics after he was accidentally locked in his own attic by his wife. Erv's present fear of the attic is a(n): conditioned emotional response. conditioned emotional response. Most often, behavior modification involves applying the principles of ______ to bring about changes in behavior. extinction operant conditioning Biological preparedness and conditioned fears are discussed in the In Focus box titled "Evolution, Biological Preparedness, and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You The Creeps?" Psychologist Martin Seligman noticed, as recorded in the box, that: all phobias are acquired through classical conditioning. phobias seem to be quite selective. In their recent studies on phobias, discussed in the In Focus box titled "Evolution, Biological Preparedness, and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You The Creeps?," psychologists Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka have:
demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning. shown evidence of an evolutionary explanation. You are taking a psychology class that involves classically conditioning two groups of rats: using a tone (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 1; using a taste (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 2. When asked what you are examining, you answer that you're looking at: how biological preparedness affects learning through classical conditioning. how biological preparedness affects learning through classical conditioning. According to the In Focus box titled "Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising," all of the following could be said about John B. Watson EXCEPT: he was banned from academia. he forged the way for the field of humanism. In Pavlov's famous dog experiments, the dogs learned to salivate at the mere sound of a bell ringing. However, prior to conditioning, it was the food in the dog's mouth that caused the salivation, or the: conditioned response (CR). unconditioned response (UCR). Every time three-year-old Franklin hits his younger brother, Franklin's mother picks Franklin up and says "No," giving him the attention that he likely wants to begin with. What Franklin's mother doesn't realize is that she is conforming to a fundamental behavioral principle called ______ by reinforcing her son's behavior when he hits his brother. operant conditioning operant conditioning According to the In Focus box titled "Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising," John B. Watson, a pioneer in the application of classical conditioning to advertising, believed that in order to make consumers react, advertisers should, as strategies, do all of the following EXCEPT: tell them something that will not personally relate to them. tell them something that will not personally relate to them. Of the following, which is NOT an example of positive punishment? A dog's owner swats her with a newspaper every time she chews his shoe. A child's mother places him in "time out" every time he calls his brother "stupid." This term is used to describe any active behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences. punishment operant behavior Dalbir believes that reinforcement is NOT necessary for learning to occur but that it does affect the performance of what has been learned. Dalbir's view is most consistent with the phenomenon of: latent learning. latent learning. Based on the work of Robert Rescorla, some scientists believe that animals: easily convert
automatic responses to conditioned responses. use cognitive processes to draw inferences about the signals they encounter in their environment. Ms. Jones is holding her six-month-old niece Mischa who is hungry and beginning to get fussy. When Mischa's mother walks through the door, Ms. Jones notices that Mischa begins to drool just at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Mischa's drool is a(n): conditioned response. conditioned response. The development of a taste aversion likely has a(n) ______ component, such that if an animal in the wild eats a food that makes it sick, the animal is more likely to survive by avoiding that food in the future. evolutionary evolutionary Gerry puts up her umbrella as soon as it starts raining to keep her clothes from getting any wetter. This example illustrates ______ behavior and ______ reinforcement. escape; positive escape; negative Applying the knowledge of operant conditioning they gained by being students of ______, Keller and Marian Breland were able to successfully train animals for television commercials, trade shows, fairs, and displays in department stores. Sigmund
Freud B. F. Skinner Behaviorism would reject all of the following notions EXCEPT: consciousness. conditioning. Monica has decided she wants to begin walking one mile per day, with a goal of eventually walking 15 miles per week. However, she has found that she often chooses instead to stay home and watch TV or turn around after walking less than a half a mile. Her desire to eventually lose weight is motivated by ______; her snack-eating behavior, which interferes with this goal, is governed by ______. short-term reinforcement; long-term reinforcement long-term reinforcement; short-term reinforcement The experimental investigation of observational learning that emphasizes the role of cognitive factors can be largely credited to American psychologist: Sigmund Freud. Albert Bandura. Based on the work of Robert Rescorla, some scientists believe that animals: have developed specific characteristics to maximize adaptation to the environment. use cognitive processes to draw inferences about the signals they encounter in their environment. The learning principle that proposes that responses followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and MORE likely to occur again is called the: unconditioned stimulus. law of effect. Dr. Yates claims to feel more awake and "ready to go" within 2 minutes of his first sip of coffee in the morning. Given that it takes at least 20 minutes for caffeine to reach significant levels in one's bloodstream, it is likely that Dr. Yates is experiencing a(n) ______ response to the sight, smell, and taste of coffee. classically unconditioned classically conditioned The basis of learning in operant conditioning involves the association of a ______ and the ______ that follows it. response; consequence response; consequence If you had been invited to a party at the home of John B. Watson in 1913, which of the following would you have been likely to overhear him saying to others there? "Psychology should be redefined as
the scientific study of behavior." "Psychology should be redefined as the scientific study of behavior." Little James receives attention from his teacher in the form of a scolding every time he misbehaves. As a result, he misbehaves quite frequently. In this instance, it would appear that the teacher's scolding is a: negatively reinforcing stimulus. positively reinforcing stimulus. According to the Critical Thinking box titled "Is Human Freedom Just an Illusion?", B. F. Skinner maintained that: cognitive factors are the
crucial elements in all learning. human freedom is an illusion. According to the Focus On Neuroscience box titled "Mirror Neurons: Imitation in the Brain?," recent research on the evidence of mirror neurons in the human brain has revealed that: neurons are activated by both the performance and observation of a behavior. neurons are activated by both the performance and observation of a behavior. As a result of the research conducted by Rescorla and his colleagues, the modern understanding of how learning occurs in classical conditioning differs from that developed by Pavlov and Watson in its emphasis on the role of ______ that precede the unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimuli reliable signals The unpredictable nature of ______ produces high, steady rates of responding, but with very little pausing between reinforcers. fixed-ratio schedules variable-ratio schedules Taste aversion can best be explained by: learning. evolutionary theory. American psychologist ______ experimentally demonstrated the ways in which cognitive processes are involved in classical conditioning. B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla Recommended textbook solutions Psychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions Cognitive Psychology4th EditionE Bruce Goldstein 300 solutions Cognitive Psychology5th EditionE Bruce Goldstein 211 solutions A Concise Introduction To Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions Sets with similar termsPsychology TEST3 (chapter5)93 terms haleypaigetassin Psychology48 terms Elizabeth-Walton Chapter 6 AP Pyschology60 terms samiyakai16 Chapter 9: Learning59 terms Damarah_Madriaga Sets found in the same folderPsychology TEST2 (chapter5)181 terms maryplamb CH4part3137 terms Ada_Love5 Psyc Learning Curve: The Origins of Psychology16 terms AndreyaHarvey Chapter 15 Review (Bio 168)48 terms expandingmyworld23 Other sets by this creatorPsyc 110 text 4 study guide50 terms Matthew_Lasseigne Psych 110 final chapter 9153 terms Matthew_Lasseigne Psychology Test 3 ch8175 terms Matthew_Lasseigne PSYCH 110 test 3221 terms Matthew_Lasseigne Verified questions
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QUESTION Elaine's friends know that she should never be trusted with a secret, as she will tell everyone almost immediately. Elaine, however, complains that her friends can't be trusted. Elaine is making use of the defense mechanism of a. rationalization. b. regression. c. displacement. d. sublimation. e. projection. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsChapter 7 Summary Quizzes16 terms Cassanne test number 230 terms desray_jernigan Dev Psych Final- Short Answer19 terms maddierh2 Ed Psych Final (study session)95 terms daviafuller Related questionsQUESTION Sergio, a native Spanish speaker, carries a small, hand-held electronic device that he refers to when unable to communicate effectively in English. He is using a 14 answers QUESTION What does Vygotsky mean when he uses the term "cognitive tool"? 10 answers QUESTION How do you know peer review journals are credible 9 answers QUESTION Self-regulation can best be described as the process by which individuals: 7 answers What are the key elements in operant conditioning?The components of Operant Conditioning are Reinforcement and Punishment. There is positive and negative reinforcement, as well as positive and negative punishment.
What is the most important aspect in operant conditioning for learning to occur?Operant conditioning relies on a fairly simple premise: Actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future. If you tell a funny story in class and everybody laughs, you will probably be more likely to tell that story again in the future.
What is the most effective operant conditioning?REINFORCEMENT. The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior is with positive reinforcement.
What are the 3 important features of operant conditioning?Elements of Operant Conditioning. positive reinforcement;. negative reinforcment;. punishment;. extinction.. |
In operant conditioning, the ______ are the most important elements in the learning process.
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