How did ideologies contribute to the development of imperialism in the period 1750 to 1900?

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c. 1750-1900

Contents

Imperialism, c. 1750-1900:

• Objectives
• The Civilizing Mission
• The New Imperialism
  • Africa
  • Asia
• ​American States
  • ​Canadian and American Expansion
  • ​Latin American States
• Migration
• Modernization 
  • in the Late Ottoman Empire
  • in Late Romanov Russia
  • in Late Qing China
  • in Meiji Japan

Objectives

• ​​Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.
• ​​​Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.
  ​
• ​​​Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.
• ​​​​Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.
• Explain how various environmental and economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.
  ​
  
• ​​​Explain how various environmental and economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
  ​​
• ​​​Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

​The Civilizing Mission

The British Empire was the global hegemonic power during Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901).

John Bull (Great Britain) and Uncle Sam (U.S.) bear "The White Man's Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling)", by lifting non-Western peoples upward towards civilization. (Victor Gillam, Judge magazine, 1 April 1899)

The New Imperialism

• ​​​Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
• European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
• Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
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• Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.
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• ​​The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
  ​
  
• ​​​Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements.
• Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
  ​
• Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.

New Imperialism in Africa

Edward Linley Sambourne depicted British imperialist Cecil Rhodes as ‘The Rhodes Colossus’ in a Punch cartoon of 1892.

New Imperialism in Asia

The Americas

Canadian and American Expansion

Latin American States

Migration

European immigrants to the United States at Ellis Island, c. 1900

Australian mounted police fighting Aborigines, 1838 Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, c. 1907-1914 1886 advertisement depicting the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act. The text reads "THE CHINESE MUST GO. We have no use for them since we got this WONDERFUL WASHER." Many Chinese immigrants ran laundries. Indian coolies in the Caribbean, c. 1890 Māori King ​Tāwhiao, c. 1894

Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires. ​ Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies. ​Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor. ​​​Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments. ​ Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders. audio pronunciation guide: settler colonies White Dominions white racial supremacy terra nullius Australia penal colony New Zealand Maori James Cook Aborigines Black War​​ Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Kingitanga ​copra Khoikhoi Xhosa Boer Republics Natal Cecil Rhodes South African Boer War Herero and Nama Genocide ​Irish Potato Famine Ellis Island Angel Island ​San Francisco Chinatown Fraser River gold rush Melting Pot Theory Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act Gentlemen’s Agreement Indian indentured labor coolie

Modernization

• As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.
  ​
  
• The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.
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• In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.

Modernization in the Late Ottoman Empire

Modernization in Late Romanov Russia

In 1909-1912, Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii took color photographs of the Russian Empire on the eve of World War I. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.

Modernization in Late Qing China

Modernization in Meiji Japan

Iwakura Mission to America and Europe by Yamaguchi Hōshun. The SS America in the background is the steamship that transported the group.

How ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900?

What is the ideological reason for imperialism?

What ideologies drove this age of imperialism?

What economic factors contributed to imperialism in the global economy between 1750 and 1900?