From an ethological perspective, how might group cooperation contribute to species survival?

The work of Erickson and Piaget point (blank) as central in psychological development during middle childhood.

Intellectual development.

From an ethological perspective, how might group cooperation contribute to species survival?

It improves the group's ability to track and hunt for food.

How is attachment formation in infancy related to friendship formation?

Children who are securely attached are more popular and more comfortable in social interactions.

Sally's mom used power-assertive discipline techniques, such as spanking and yelling when she was young and continues it. Today, Sally is 8. You expect her relationship with her peers to be characterized by

Asserting power in peer conflicts.

What name of the parental technique is most likely to interfere with a child's friendship formation?

One cognitive benefit of active involvement in the peer group is

Increased perspective -taking skills.

Children who are aware of the variety of perspectives that are present in the social situation are likely to be

Positively evaluated by their age-mates.

What happens to a rejected child in the process of social skill development?

The child comes to expect negative behaviors from others.

In middle childhood, children are aware of social norms for peer acceptance. This results in greater pressures toward

Why are "bff" relationships important in middle childhood?

They provide a context for working on relationships in which both members have equal power, status, and access to resources.

What is the difference between peer acceptance and having a "bff" relationship?

Peer acceptance requires more conformity than best friend relationships.

How does the school environment affect close friendships?

Close friendships are more stable in schools that keep kids in the same classroom groups from grade to grade.

What increases a child's sense of loneliness?

Being a target of peer rejection.

What is a characteristic of withdrawn kids who have strong feelings of loneliness?

They are likely to have been bullied or victimized.

Some children who are rejected tend to be disruptive and aggressive; others tend to be socially withdrawn. What statement leans towards the characteristic of he aggressive and disruptive kids than the socially withdrawn?

They are more likely to attribute hostile intentions to others.

Both aggressive and withdrawn rejected children tend to

What emotion is most characterized of withdrawn children?

T/F: in some school environments, aggressiveness contributes to popularity and closeness among boys.

What group is most likely to develop serious mental health problems in adolescence or adulthood?

Aggressive-withdrawn children.

Tyrone has a serious mental health problems as a teen. It could be that he was part of what group of kids during middle childhood?

Aggressive-withdrawn children.

What is a common trait of kids who are victims of bullying?

When attacked, they don't retaliate.

Bobby's often mean to younger kids at school, taunting, and pushing them. However, when an older boy pushes and taunts Bobby, he rarely retaliates. It's most likely that Bobby is

Through (blank), children begin to appreciate logic, order, and predictability of the physical world.

Concrete operational thinking.

According Piagets theory, an action or transformation that is carried out in thought rather than in action is called

Why does Piaget use the term "concrete" to describe the quality of thinking that is a trait of middle childhood?

The term reflects Piaget's concerns about the intellectual rigidity and vulnerability of middle childhood.

When a child understands that the physical matter does not change in quantity despite changes in form or container, this (blank) problem.

What one thing isn't one of the concepts that the child must understand in order to solve a conservation problem?

When a child can simultaneously manipulate two dimensions in his mind, such as circumference and thickness, so that he understands that a change in one dimension is compensated for by a change in the other, he understands

What are the findings of studies that have tried to teach youngsters to conserve?

With special training, children as young as 4 can lessen conservation principles and apply them across materials.

In a study of 5th graders, (blank) percent had reached the concrete operational stage.

The ability to group objects according to some dimension they share is called

Zachary likes to group his Matchbox cars in different categories. Sometimes he sorts them by color, model, or by size. What trait is he portraying?

The two components of classification categorization and

The ability to order subgroups in a hierarchy is an ability to

The investigator showed a card to a child and asked, "Are there more radishes or more vegetables in this picture?" What is the investigator likely to be studying?

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are all

Meredith practices her math skills by using flash cards with her dad. What type of skill is this?

Computational skills like addition and subtraction require what?

Billy is 4 years old. He has a big box of Legos, and his mom asked him to give her 5 legos from the box. He has trouble deciding how many to give her so he takes a handful and says, "Her is five." What is Billy's problem with this task?

4 year olds don't have a scheme for conservation of numbers.

Monitoring how well you understand something and taking steps to understand it better is called

Milky is thinking about why she is feeling sad and disappointed. This kind of thinking is

Psychological mindedness.

What is one academic benefit of metacognition?

It helps guide actions to improve understanding.

Why are skills the basis of intellectual competence?

They combine knowledge and practice for solving meaningful problems.

One of the most critical intellectual skills that is developed and elaborated during middle childhood is

Intelligence can be defined as

The ability to solve difficult problems, the ability to detect logical relationships among objects, and the ability to understand one's own internal feelings.

According to Sternberg, there are 3 kinds of intelligence. However, tests of intelligence typically only assess one of them, which is

What is considered a feature of complex skilled behavior?

The limits of the human system place constraints on a child's ability to perform skilled behaviors.

What example of a sociocultural factor that contributes to the superior mathematical skill development of Japanese and Chinese kids?

Japanese and Chinese parents expect their schools to do a better job and put pressure on educators to improve the quality of education.

What new aspect of the self-concept influences a child's enthusiasm for reading?

Child thinks of the self as someone who can read.

How might the cultural context influence a child's ability to read?

Some cultures consider reading to be of little use and too difficult for kids.

What is the definition of self-evaluation?

Children compare their achievements to both internal and external standards for performance.

Self-evaluation takes place n two contexts. What are they?

Internal and external frames of reference.

Thomas knows he is good at baseball because he can hit the ball further than any of his teammates. This is an example of what?

External frame of reference.

During middle childhood, self-evaluation is strongly influenced by

Comparisons with the performance of peers.

A person's sense of confidence that he or she can perform behaviors in a specific situation is

Bandaranaike suggests that there are 4 sources of information that contribute to judgements of self-efficacy. Name 1/4.

Past performance in the specific area of mastery.

Tally, 8, watches Claire climb the rock wall. Tally has been scared to try it until she saw Claire do it. This is an example of how Tally's self-efficacy can be raised through

Aguar was very excited about jumping off the diving board while Penelope was fearful and anxious. Who is more likely to perceive themselves as able to jump off the diving board?

What is an example of a vicarious experience that contributes to the sense of self-efficacy?

Watching someone else, who is like you, succeed.

How is a sense of self-efficacy related to persistence?

Children who have a low sense of self-efficacy are likely to give up after a failure experience.

False or inaccurate beliefs can produce a reality that corresponds with these beliefs. What is this called?

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

What might make a child, especially vulnerable, to believing false expectations of others and expecting less from themselves?

Learning a new skill or learning something for the first time.

When teachers believe that a child is bright but does not try very hard, the teacher's reaction to child is most likely

Under what combination of student ability and student effort is the teacher most likely to take a sense of personal responsibility?

Child has low ability and tries hard.

Nathan's school records are passed from teacher to teacher annually. Annually, his new teacher reads the same comments, "Nathan is intelligent but lazy." At the end of the year that new teacher writes the same statement and passes it on to the next one. This is an example of

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

(Blank) children are more aware of the emotional and nonverbal behavior of others and make more use of social information to evaluate and regulate their own behavior.

Chris likes to burp loudly, and he does not care if people think it is gross. He just likes the sound of it and hopes that someday he can burp the entire alphabet in a row. Chris has

Some children who perform well on standardized tests perceive themselves to be below average in academic ability. Why is this?

These children think their parents have a low opinion of their abilities.

Parents' stereotypes about which gender is more talented in a particular area such as math, English, or sports, influence

Their child's confidence about being able to perform well in this area.

What captures the idea of an illusion of competence?

Kids have such low ability they can't distinguish correct and incorrect responses.

What parenting style is characteristic of fathers whose children have an illusion of incompetence?

The fathers are critical and unsupportive.

What is one of three important areas of learning that occurs as a result of team sports?

The principle of division of labor.

Team sports emphasize what concept?

Interdependence of team members.

Children who participate in team sports, learn that each position has a unique function and that the team has the best chance of winning if each player performs the functions of their position. This is

In team sports, when one team wins, the other team loses. This results in the creation of

In-group and out-group antagonism.

What is an example of an in-group attitude fostered through experiences in team play?

It may be necessary to relinquish personal goals for team goals.

What is an example of an out-group attitude through experiences in team play?

Assisting the other is unethical.

According to psychosocial theory, a person's fundamental attitude toward (blank) is established during middle childhood.

What is the psychosocial crisis of middle childhood?

Feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy in middle childhood come from what two sources?

The self and the social environment.

Children discover that they cannot master every skill they attempt. This contributes to feelings of

Children who show evidence of learned helplessness believe

The outcome of most situations is beyond their control.

Erin says, "I can't do it" and her papa, Bruce, says, "Try harder." Erin replies, "It doesn't matter how hard I try. I will never be good at it like Tim." These is an example of

Marcus has a first grade reading ability even though he is in fourth grade. His reading ability isn't reflective of his IQ, which is 105. What does Marcus most likely have?

Children who have difficulty acquiring new vocabulary, oversimplify grammatical expressions, and have problems understanding certain expressions of others are likely to have?

What is not an accurate statement about education in contemporary society?

Schools can serve the educational function without the active involvement of family members.

What is the important function of education?

Helping students gain the language of concepts, theories, and relationships that will allow them to organize experience.

What is the goal of contextualization of the learning process?

To provide a successful educational environment for all kids.

To contextualize instruction is to carry out instruction in ways that draw upon

A child's existing experiences, previous knowledge, and concepts.

Contextualization of learning may be necessary in order to provide a successful learning environment for what group of kids?

Students from alienated groups.

A student who believes in her ability to approach a new situation and "get the job done" demonstrates

The tendency to strive toward higher and higher levels of mastery is sometimes referred to as

Children with a sense of inertia

Don't believe they can master the challenges they face.

A consequence of today's increased exposure to violence is

That children may suffer from symptoms similar to PTSD.

Children who live in violent neighborhoods often suffer from other cumulative risks including

Illegal drug trade, poverty, and crime.

One of the strategies for preventing and reducing violence in neighborhoods and schools mentioned in the text is

Educating parents and teachers about socialization practices that help develop self-control, empathy, and perspective taking.

Kids are likely to experience peer rejection, life loneliness, exposure to violence, except

How might the cultural context influence a child's ability to read quizlet?

Why does Piaget use the term concrete to describe the quality of thinking that is characteristics of middle childhood?

Which of the following statements is considered a consequence of today's increased exposure to violence for children?

What parenting style is characteristic of fathers whose Children have an illusion of incompetence?