Which of the following nations was overrun by the Iraqi military in 1990 quizlet?

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The Iran Hostage Crisis
Carter took immediate action. He froze billions of dollars of Iranian assets in the United States, then began secret negotiations, but nothing worked. The manner in which television network news reported on the crisis served to build up America's frustration. Mobs burned the American flag and shouted "Marg bar Amerika" ("Death to America") on nightly television news broadcasts in Iran. These film clips were rebroadcast in the United States, creating feelings of apprehension for the hostages and anger at Iran. By counting the number of days that the hostages had been held in capacity, nightly announcements such as "America Held Hostage, Day Eighty-nine" focused on the prolonged aspect of the situation. Americans grew impatient with the seemingly ineffective president who could not win the hostages' release. The Iranians heightened this political tension by making bright promises and then going back on them almost daily.
Finally, Carter approved a secret military mission to attempt to free the hostages. Unfortunately, three of the eight helicopters carrying the assault force developed mechanical problems. One crashed into a transport aircraft in a remote desert in Iran, killing eight soldiers. After the failure, Iran dispersed the hostages to hideouts throughout the country, making rescue impossible. The failure of the rescue mission doomed Carter politically.

rter hoped that the Camp David ccords would usher in a new era of cooperation in the Middle East. Yet, events in Iran showed that troubles in the region were far from over. Since the 1950s, the United States had supported the rule of the Shah, or emperor, of Iran. In the 1970s, however, oppostion to the Shah began to grow within Iran.Dying of cancer, the Shah fled from Irna in January 1979. Fundamentalist Islamic clerics, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, took power. Carter allowed the Shah to enter the United States to seek medical treatment. Enraged Iranian radical students invaded the U.S. Embassy and took 66 Americans as hostages. The Khomeini government then took control of both the embassy and the hostages to defy the United States.

The hostage crisis consumed the attention of Carter during the last year of his presidency. To many Americans, Carter's failure to win all of the hostages' release was evidence of American weakness. As Peter Bourne put it in his biography of Jimmy Carter, "Because people felt that Carter had not been tough enough in foreign policy...some bunch of students could seize American diplomatic officials and hold them prisoner and thumb their nose at the United States."

The hostage crisis began to change the way Americans viewed the world outside their borders. Nuclear war between the two superpowers was no longer the only threat to the United States. Although the Cold War still concerned Americans, the threats posed by conflicts in the Middle East threatened to become the greatest foreign policy challenge of the United States.

During the 1970s, the United States classified Iraq as a state sponsor of terrorism stemming fromIraqi support of militant Palestinian groups. American policymakers were further antagonized by Iraq's cultivation of close ties with the Soviet Union, which provided Baghdad with most of its military technology. But, in 1977, President Jimmy Carter (in office, 1977-1981) explored a rapprochementwith Iraq in the hope of moderating the Ba'athist regime and fortifying American influence in the Persian Gulf and broader Middle East. Carter expected to steer Iraq away from the Soviet orbit and toward a more moderate, pro-Western course. Such a conciliation between the two nations would potentially lead to greater Iraqi cooperation in stabilizing regional affairs andaverting further Soviet gains in the region.
The final Carter overture to Iraq was made in the spring of 1980 when the American president attempted to broker the sale of Boeing civilian airliners to Iraqi Airways, the national carrier, and General Electric frigate engines for the Iraqi navy.
However, in April 1980, after the United States severed diplomatic relations with Iran over the hostage crisis, U.S. and Iraq officials extended positive, although tentative, gestures toward each other.

During the 1990s, Osama bin-Laden, a wealthy former Saudi national, emerged as a financial sponsor, director, and "spiritual" leader of a vast Islamist terrorist network. Bin-Laden was a self-styled "emir" of the militant Sunni Islamic, multi-national al-Qaeda organization. Al-Qaeda—meaning "the Base"—was founded by bin-Laden and other Arab nationalists in 1988, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda ideologues have advocated the ouster of foreign influences in Muslim nations and the establishment of a caliphate (an Islamic theocracy) ruling the Muslim world.
Anger over U.S. support of Israel against Palestine motivated the 1993 World Trade Center attack. Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, one of the terrorists, had also planned
2to assassinate Pope John Paul II and bomb fifteen American jetliners in forty-eight hours. American law enforcement investigators suspected that Yousef had ties to Osama bin-Laden and the al-Qaeda terrorist network.
. Clinton treated terrorism as a crime rather than a national security threat. President Clinton faced heated criticismfor what was perceived ashis tepid response to the Manhattan bombing.
Al qaeda funded and followed through many terroist attacks on the united states begining in 1993 with a bomboing of a conert, the did 9/11 in 2001,
n 1996, the CIA identified bin-Laden as a leader of a worldwide jihadist network based in Afghanistan. The State Department grew increasingly concerned about bin-Laden and the Islamic Taliban regime in Afghanistan

In 1999, President Clinton issued an executive order declaring the Taliban Afghan regime as a state sponsor of terrorism and imposed economic sanctions against Afghanistan.
On September 11, 2001, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists, funded and trained by Osama bin-Laden, and operating from cells within the United States, hijacked four jetliners. Two airplanes were flown into the World Trade Center TwinTowers, another airliner slammedinto the western flank of the Pentagonoutside
Washington, D.C., and a fourth plane, apparently intended for the White House or U.S. Capitol Building plowedintoa Pennsylvania meadow, after heroic passengers overtook the skyjackers andforced the plane down.
The Obama administration oversaw the killing of Osama bin-Laden, who was shot to death in a U.S. Navy SEALScommando raid in Pakistan in 2011. The death of bin-Laden set off national celebrations. In the war against jihadism, Obama authorized the resources and firepower that his military commanders requested. However, he insisted on defined objectives at sustainable costs in a reasonable time frame. Unquestionably, one of President Obama's crowning successes was keeping U.S. troops out of another major ground war.

Fundamentally, the Libyan intervention was hastily engineered, with little or no cohesive military planning or clear political objectives. In 2016, the British Foreign Affairs Select Committee concluded that Gaddafi's threat to civilians had been exaggerated by Libyan anti-government rebels and observers outside Libya, namely in France and the Arab League, whohad advocated regime change. Indeed, except for attempts to suppress sporadic anti-government uprisings, no substantive evidence surfaced that Gaddafi had planned indiscriminate violence against civilians. More seriously, the British investigation determined that poor intelligence failed to recognize a significant Islamic extremist element among the ranks of the anti-Gaddafi rebels.
On August 21, 2013—one year and one day after Obama declared the Syrian red line—Assadlaunched a sarin chemical attack on Ghouta, a rebel-controlled suburb outside the Syrian capital of Damascus. 1,400 civilians died in the assault. President Obama did not respond immediately. Then, in an August 31 speech, Obama condemned the massacre as "an assault on human dignity." The president consulted with British and French officials concerning a tripartite attack on Assad military assets and instructed U.S. military leaders to prepare for punitive surgical strikes, supported by the British and French, in Syria. But Obama soon altered course. British Prime Minister David Cameron could not get Parliament's consent to use force in Syria. The vote was 285-272 against the United Kingdom joining U.S.-led strikes on Syrian targets. Without British support,President Obama declined to take any impetuous unilateral action, informing his closest aides that he would not be pressured by critics in Congress and elsewhere to get the United States into another Mideast war. He said: "These guys, because of the politics of the moment, are pushing me to take action that is going to have real consequences for Americans. I'm not going to do that."

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