Which of the following is a testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events?

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What is a testable proposition?
Which type of research examines the relationship between two variables?
What is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables?
What research examines relationships?

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A	B
Social Psychology	The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. Focuses less on individuals’ differences and more on how individuals view and affect one another
Social Psycholgoy's Big Ideas	•Biology offers us natural selection and adaptation •Sociology builds on concepts such as social structure and organization • Social Psychology builds on a short list of fundamental principles
Dual Processing	Thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on two levels—one conscious and deliberate, the other unconscious and automatic
Social Influences Shape our Behavior	social situation leads us to act contrary to our expressed attitudes
Personal Attitudes and Disposition Also Shape Behavior	•Inner attitudes affect our behavior •Personality dispositions also affect behavior oFacing the same situation, different people may act differently
Social Neuroscience	An interdisciplinary field that explores the neural bases of social and emotional processes and behaviors, and how these processes and behaviors affect our brain and biology
Subjective Aspects of Science	Culture and Social Representations
Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next
Social Representations	A society’s widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world
Psychological Concepts Contain Hidden Values	Defining the Good Life, Forming Concepts, and Labeling
Defining the Good Life	Values influence our idea of how best to live
Forming Concepts	Hidden values even seep into psychology’s research-based concepts
Labeling	Value judgments are often hidden w/in our social psychological language—but that is also true of everyday language •Social psychology faces two contradictory criticisms: first, that its trivial b/c it documents the obvious; second, that it is dangerous b/c its findings could be used to manipulate people •One problem w/ common sense is that we invoke it after we know the facts. Events are far more “obvious” and predictable in hindsight than beforehand
Hindsight Bias	The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out •Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
Theory	an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
Facts	Agreed-upon statements about what we observe
Hypothesis	A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist b/w events oFirst, allows us to test a theory by suggesting how we might try to falsify it oSecond, predictions give direction to research and sometimes send investigators looking for things they might never have thought of oThird, the predictive feature of good theories can also make them practical
Field Research	Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory
Correlational Research	The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables
Experimental Research	Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)
Correlational and Causation	•When two variables correlate any combination of three explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an underlying “third factor” •Correlations indicate a relationship, but that relationship is not necessarily one of cause and effect o Correlational research allows us to predict, but it can’t tell us whether changing one variable (such as social status) will cause changes in another (such as health) •Advanced correlational techniques can suggest cause—effect relationships
Survey Research	Random Sampling, Response Options and Wording of Questions
Random Sampling	Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion
Wording of Questions	oThe precise wording of questions may also influence answers oSubtle changes in the tone of a question can have marked effects
Framing	The way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions
Independent Variable	The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates
Dependent Variable	The variable being measured, so called b/c it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable
Random Assignment	The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. Random assignment in experiments and random sampling in surveys. Random assignment helps us infer cause and effect. Random sampling helps us generalize to a population
Mundane Realism	Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
Experimental Realism	Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants
Deception	In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes
Demand Characteristics	Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
Informed Consent	An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Debriefing	In social psychology, the post experimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understanding and feelings

What is a testable proposition?

hypothesis. a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

Which type of research examines the relationship between two variables?

A correlational research design investigates relationships between two variables (or more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. It's a non-experimental type of quantitative research.

What is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables?

Hypothesis. A tentative statement about empirical reality involving a relationship between two or more variables. Specific expectation deduced from more general theory.

What research examines relationships?

Correlational research is research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge.

Which of the following is a testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events?

What is a testable proposition?

Which type of research examines the relationship between two variables?

What is a tentative statement about the relationship between two variables?

What research examines relationships?

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