Apraxia is inability to execute purposeful, previously learned motor tasks, despite physical ability and willingness, as a result of brain damage. Diagnosis is clinical, often including neuropsychologic testing, with brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI) to identify cause. Prognosis depends on the cause and extent of damage and patient age.
There is no specific treatment, but physical and occupational therapy may modestly improve functioning and patient safety. Isolated apraxia is relatively uncommon. Less commonly, apraxia results from damage to other areas of the brain, such as the premotor cortex (the part of the frontal lobe anterior to the motor cortex), other parts of the frontal lobe, or the corpus callosum, or from
diffuse damage related to degenerative dementias. Patients with apraxia cannot conceptualize or do learned complex motor tasks despite having intact motor, sensory, and coordination systems and being able to do the individual component
movements. Typically, patients do not recognize their deficits. Common types of apraxias may include Ideational apraxia: Patients with ideational apraxia cannot perceive the purpose of a previously learned complex task and thus cannot plan or execute the required voluntary movements in the correct sequence. For example, they may put their shoes on before their socks. Ideomotor apraxia: This type of apraxia is the most common. When asked to perform common motor tasks, patients with ideomotor apraxia cannot do so. For example, they cannot imitate actions such as waving goodbye or showing how a tool (eg, toothbrush, hammer) is used. Conceptual apraxia: This type of apraxia is similar to ideomotor ataxia but features an impaired ability to use tools correctly.. For example, when given a screwdriver, patients may try to write with it as if it were a pen. Constructional apraxia: Patients with constructional apraxia cannot draw, construct, or copy an object even though they understand the task and have the physical ability to do it. For example, patients may be unable to copy a simple geometric shape despite being able to see and recognize it, hold and use a pen, and understand the task.
Bedside tests include asking patients to do or imitate common learned tasks (eg, saluting, stopping or starting to walk, combing hair, striking and blowing out a match, opening a lock with a key, using a screwdriver or scissors, taking a deep breath and holding it). Strength and range of motion must be assessed to exclude motor weakness and musculoskeletal abnormalities as the cause of symptoms. Neuropsychologic testing or assessment by a physical or occupational therapist may help identify more subtle apraxias. Neuropsychologic testing is standardized testing that provides information about the brain’s structural and functional integrity. It evaluates intelligence, executive function (eg, planning, abstraction, conceptualization), attention, memory, language, perception, sensorimotor functions, motivation, mood and emotion, quality of life, and personality. Caregivers should be asked about the patient’s ability to do activities of daily living, especially those that involve household tools (eg, correct and safe use of eating utensils, toothbrush, kitchen utensils to prepare a meal, hammer, and scissors) and writing. Brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI; with or without angiographic protocols) is required to diagnose and characterize central lesions (eg, infarct, hemorrhage, mass, focal atrophy). In general, patients with apraxia become dependent, requiring help with activities of daily living and at least some degree of supervision. Patients with stroke may have a stable course and even improve somewhat.
There is no specific medical treatment for apraxia. Drugs that slow the symptomatic progression of dementia do not appear beneficial. Physical and occupational therapy may modestly improve functioning but is more often useful for making the environment safer and for providing devices that help patients circumvent the primary deficit.
Click here for Patient Education  Copyright © 2022 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved. Which term is used to describe the inability to execute motor functioning despite intact Motors?The most widely recognized type of apraxia is ideomotor apraxia, or impaired performance of skilled motor acts despite intact sensory, motor, and language function [1].
Which of the following conditions can affect a patient's cognitive function and produce dementia like symptoms *?In addition, medical conditions such as stress, anxiety, depression, and delirium can cause serious memory problems that resemble dementia, as can alcohol use disorder and side effects of certain medicines. Many other conditions can also cause dementia or dementia-like symptoms.
What does mean dementia?Dementia is not a specific disease but is rather a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. Though dementia mostly affects older adults, it is not a part of normal aging.
What types of dementia are there?Types of Dementia. Alzheimer's Disease.. Vascular Dementia.. Dementia With Lewy Bodies (DLB). Parkinson's Disease Dementia.. Mixed Dementia.. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Huntington's Disease.. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.. |
Which of the following is a term used to describe an impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function?
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