When individuals observe behavior they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused?

MGMT 450

Personnel and Human Resources Management

Washington State University

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?

Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality.

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind it?

We don't look at targets in isolation.

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception?

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?

________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior?

An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?

An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempts to determine an individual's behavior.

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.

According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________.

Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior?

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?

a behavior that scores high on consensus

Samantha is never late for work. But last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________.

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?

fundamental attribution error

________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.

________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

Which of the following is referred to as a halo effect?

drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?

It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person.

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.

Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?

A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________.

Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception?

Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?

A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome?

rational decision-making model

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?

It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?

seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient   

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.

________ is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that is based on years of experience and learning

Which of the following is true of intuitive decision making?

It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.

intrinsic task motivation

Which of the following is true with regard to groups?

A group influences our emotional reactions.

Which of the following is true regarding formal groups?

They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of organizational goals.

An informal group is characterized by the ________.

fulfillment of the need for social contact

Which of the following differentiates between formal and informal groups?

Formal groups involve clearly defined tasks and roles, while informal groups are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined.

Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group we are a part of, is the territory of the ________ theory.

Which of the following is true with regard to the social identity theory?

It proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem is tied into the group's performance.

________ is defined as the tendency to see members of the group of which we are a part of as better than other people.

Similarity is a characteristic under the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________.

tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater group identification as well

In the context of the social identity theory, distinctiveness refers to the ________.

tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups

Status is a characteristic under the social identity theory that reflects the ________.

tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably

Uncertainty reduction is a dimension of the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________.

tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world

Which of the following represents the second stage in the five-stage group development model?

Which of the following stages of the five-stage group development model is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership?

The second stage of the five-stage group development model is characterized by ________.

intragroup conflict within the group

By the end of the stage of ________, a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group is established.

During the third stage of group development ________.

the group demonstrates cohesiveness

Which of the following statements is true regarding the norming stage of group development?

During this stage, the group develops a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior.   

When the group energy is focused on the task at hand and the group is fully functional, it is said to be in the stage of ________.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding the performing stage?

For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development.

Which of the following is true with regard to the five-stage group development model?

A positive social focus may aid a group in reaching the performing stage more rapidly.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the punctuated-equilibrium model of group development?

It characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes.

The first phase of group development for temporary groups involves ________.

the determination of the group's direction

The determination of the behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group approaches the project is a function of the ________ phase in the punctuated-equilibrium model.

Which of the following represents the major determinants of group development and functioning as depicted by the punctuated-equilibrium model?

deadlines and time constraints

Role perception is defined as ________.

our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation

Role ________ is defined as the way others believe you should act in a given context.

Most people assume that a police officer should behave in a lawful manner, refrain from demonstrating favoritism to any particular group, and do their best to uphold the law. Which of the following terms best represents these beliefs?

When ________, the result is role conflict.

compliance with one role requirement may make it difficult to comply with another

Which of the following represents the acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members?

Which of the following is an example of performance norms?

the manner in which a job must be done

The ________ norms dictate behavior such as with whom group members eat lunch and friendships on and off the job.

A local government work crew cleans up parks and other public spaces. In this crew the dirtiest jobs are generally given to the newest members, while the more senior members of the crew tend to do little except draw their pay. Which of the following classes of norms encompasses arrangements like this?

resource allocation norms

________ refers to the adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.

The important groups to which an individual belongs or hopes to belong are known as ________ groups.

Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threaten the well-being of the organization or its members?

deviant workplace behavior

Which of the following is true with regard to deviant workplace behavior?

Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group.

Status refers to the ________.

socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

According to status characteristics theory, which of the following factors does not determine status?

ability to conform to group norms

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure?

People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by people in low-status jobs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of size of the group has on the performance of the group?

As compared to smaller groups, larger groups are better in problem solving.

Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively?

Which of the following is a contributing factor with regard to social loafing?

dispersion of responsibility

Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing?

ensuring that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified

Which of the following is true with regard to social loafing?

Social loafing is witnessed less in collectivist cultures where people take pride in group performance.

________ refers to the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity?

When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.

________ is defined as the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.

Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making when compared to individual decision making?

increased diversity of views

When ________ is of importance in decision making, group decisions are preferred to individual decisions.

Group decision making has a disadvantage in the area of ________, when compared to individual decision making.

________ is defined as a phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

Which of the following steps can be taken by a manager so as to minimize groupthink?

seeking input from employees before the group leader presents his opinions

In discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold. This phenomenon is called ________.

Groupshift is seen when ________.

group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold when discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution

The HR department at Bailey Services is considering offering telecommuting as an option to some experienced employees. At a meeting to formalize the move, the heads of the different departments met with Laura Watson, the HR manager. Laura, who thought this meeting would be a short one, was proven wrong when all the members, who had previously agreed that telecommuting would work in their company, began coming up with divergent views. By the end, two divisions claimed having major concerns about allowing employees to telecommute, and those in favor of it were equally vocal. This scenario depicts the operation of ________.

Groupthink is most commonly seen in the group decision-making approach using ________.

Which of the following statements is true regarding brainstorming?

Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity.

A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion is the ________ technique.

When individuals observe Behaviour they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused this is the?

When individuals observe behavior and perceive others they are either internally or externally oriented when the criterion of observation is faulty What is that error called?

What is attribution theory?