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INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT The term ‘Management’ means differently by different people. It is generally underlined as ‘an art of getting activities done through other peoples’. Management and Administration are not understood clearly. As a system, Administration is a function of Management, it is existed by man has been organized into communities. The people are working together in a group manner at one organization in various categories that indicates management. It is characterizes the process of leading and directing of organization, marketing (or) business development and manipulation of resource (Human, financial, material and intellectual (or) intangible). The individual person has to perform numerous activity and he/she has to get satisfy work. The individual cannot perform in all activity therefore human beings joint one group and provide cooperation together in the form of groups and organizations. Every organization (Family, college, business, enterprise, army and government) is basically a group of people to be attain some common goal. The word “administer” is derived from the latin word “ad+ministrair” means to care and look for people. Administration is a process permiting all collective efforts, be it public (or) private, civil (or) military and it is a universal nature. It is used every- where, in every institution, organization and family. “Administration” means direction. 2 Flow chart 1.1: Administration Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish efficiently for selected aims. Basic Definition Needs to be Expanded
DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT
3 Difference between Administration and Management
Characteristics of Management
CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT Management is a commonly used word; it has been interpreted differently for different purposes. The word ‘Management’ is interpreted as:
4 Management as a Discipline
Management as a Body of Individuals
Management as a Process
Management as a Profession
A profession need following requirements:
Management as a Financial Resource
Management as a Human Process
NATURE OF MANAGEMENT
Some of the Other Concepts of Management Management is:
Is it a SCIENCE or an ART?
Management is a Science as Well as an Art
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
The following diagram will give you an idea about the functions, positions and relations of different levels of management. Top-Level Management
Middle-Level Management
Lower-Level Management
SCOPE OF MANAGEMENT (OR) FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF MANAGEMENT Various functional areas of management are:
Production Management Production means creation of utilities by converting raw material into final product by various scientific methods and regulations. It is very important field of management. Various sub-areas of the production department are as follows:
Marketing Management Marketing management involves distribution of the product to the buyers. It may need number of steps. Sub areas are as follows:
Finance and Accounting Management Financial and accounting management deals with managerial activities related to procurement and utilization of fund for business purpose. Its sub areas are as follows:
Personnel Management Personnel management is the phase of management which deals with effective use and control of manpower. Following are the sub areas of personnel management:
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
The concepts and principles, theories and techniques are organized around these functions and become the basis for discussion. Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
Coordination
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGERS Management roles refer to specific categories of managerial behavior. Overall there are ten specific roles performed by managers which are included in the following three categories. Interpersonal Roles
Informational Roles
Decisional Roles
POSDCORB
Functions and Role of Nursing Managers The functions of nursing managers may be classified into five categories.
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT The following are the current concepts and practices which are changing the way; the managers do their jobs today.
Globalization
Ethics
Workforce Diversity
Entrepreneurship
Managing in an e-Business World The e-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic (Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. Knowledge Management and Learning Organizations
Quality Management
SKILLS OF MANAGERS Managers as need certain skills to perform the challenging duties and activities associated with being a manager. Robert L Katz concluded in 1970s that managers need four essential skills,which are: Technical Skills It is job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. It is knowledge of proficiency in activities involving methods, process and procedures. 12 Human Skills It is the ability to workwell with other people individually and in a group. It is the creation of an environment in which people feel secure and free to express their opinions. Conceptual Skills It is the ability to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Design Skill It is the ability to solve problems in ways that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem. If managers merely see the problem and become “problem watchers”, they will fail. They must have, in addition, the skill of a good design engineer in working out a practical solution to a problem. PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT Basic Principles and Theories of Management by FW Taylor
General Principles and Theories of Management by Henry Fayol Henry Fayol (1841–1925) was an French engineer. He examined the nature of management and administration in the year of 1916 in the basis of French mining organization experience. He strongly felt that managers should be guided by certain principles. He evolved 14 principles of management which are still considered important in management. Division of Work This principle suggests that work should be assigned to a person for which he is best suited. Work should be divided up to that stage where it is optimum and just. Basically, the works allocated by experience, skills of the individual, etc. Authority and Responsibility Responsibility means the work assigned to any person, and authority means rights that are given to him to perform that work. It is necessary that adequate authority should be given to discharge the responsibility. Discipline This principle emphasizes that subordinates should respect their superiors and obey their orders. On the other hand, superiors’ behavior should be such that they make subordinates obedient. If such discipline is observed, there will be no problem of industrial disputes. Unity of Command Subordinates should receive orders from one superior only. If he receives orders from more than one person, he can satisfy none. Unity of Direction Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan. In the absence of this principle, there may be wastage, over expenditure and useless rivalry in the same organization. 13 Subordination of Individual to General Interest While taking any decision, the general interest, i.e. the interest of the organization as a whole should be preferred to individual interests. Remuneration Management should try to give fair wages to the employees and employees should have the satisfaction of being rightly paid. Centralization A single person controls the affairs of an organization, it is said to be complete centralization. In small concerns, a single manager can supervise the work of the subordinates easily, while in a big organization, control is divided among a number of persons. Thus centralization is more in small concerns and it is less in big concerns. Fayol’s opinion was that the degree of centralization should be fixed on the basis of capabilities of the persons. Scalar Chain This is the chain of superiors from the highest to the lowest ranks. The order of this chain should be maintained when some instructions are to be passed on or enquiries are to be made. Order Placement of men and materials should be properly made. Proper space should be made available where materials can be kept safely. Each man should be provided the work for which he is best suited. Equity This principle requires the managers to be kind and just so that loyalty can be won from the subordinates. Stability of Tenure Employees should be selected on the principles of stability of employment. They should be given necessary training so that they become perfect. There should not be frequent termination of employees. Initiative This principle emphasizes the necessity of chalking out a plan and then implementing it. When the plan is ready, managers should take the initiative of getting it done through people. Esprit de Corps These French words mean team spirit. It is unity of command for establishing team work. Employees must have talent utilize effort, encourage abilities and provide reward. Deming’s 14 Principles of Management
Approaches to Management There are six major approaches to management. They are explained as follows: Scientific Management
General Administrative Theorists
He stated 14 principles of management which are as follows:
Quantitative Approach to Management
Organizational Behavior
The Systems Approach
The Contingency Approach
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT Hertzberg’s Two Factor Theory of Management
Douglas MCGregor (1906–1964)
Abraham H Maslow (1908–1970)
Factors within Human
Factors within Employee
MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES Scientific Management Theory The scientific management focuses on observation, measurement of outcome. The following theories are comes under pioneers of scientific management.
Frederick W Taylor (1856–1915) Taylor is recognized as father of scientific management. He conducted studies of time and motion to the workers, he analyze their movements and set their standards. He used stop watches. He applied the principles of observation, measurement and scientific comparison to determine the most effective way to accomplish a task. Achievements of Taylor
The Effect of Time-Motion Study of Taylor
Gantt HenryIGantt (1861–1910)
Emerson (1853–1936) He was emphasis on conservation and organizational goals and objectives. Principles of Efficiency Related to:
Charles Babbage (1792–1871) He is a scientist mainly interested in mathematics, contributed to the management theory by developing the principles of cost accounting and the nature of relationship between various disciplines. He is laid the foundation for much of the work that later come to be known as scientific management. He concentrated on production problems and stressed the importance.
Human Relation Theory
Follett Theory (1868–1933)
Lewin Theory (1890-1947)
Behavioral Science Theory
19 Douglas McGregors Theory (1932) He is the father of the classical theory of management. He developed the managerial implications of Maslow‘s theory. He followed that one’s style of management is dependent on ones philosophy of humans and categorized those assumptions as theory X and theory Y. Theory X
Consequence of theory X
So that organizational goals can be met. According to theory X
Managers who accept the assumption of theory X
Theory Y is focuses on goal
Managers who believe in this Y theory
They believe that under favorable conditions
Rensis Likert’s theory Dr Rensis Likert has studied human behavior within many organizations. After extensive research, Dr Rensis Likert concluded that there are four systems of management. According to Likert, the efficiency of an organization or its departments are influenced by their system of management. His theory of management is based on his work at the University of Michigan’s institute for social research. Likert categorized his four management systems as follows: He identified three variables in organizations:
Factors Measured by Likert Scale The scale measures several factors related to leadership behavior process:
These four types of management system according to likert, affects on the management systems: Exploitive-authoritative
20 Benevolent-authoritative
Consultative system
Participative group It is the most effective performance. Managers have complete confidence in their staff associates. Their ideas are always sought, and they feel completely free to discuss their jobs with the manager. Goals are set at all levels. There is a great deal communication upward, downward, and later that is accurate and received with open mind. PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION APPLICABLE TO ALL ORGANIZATION BY LYNDAL URWICK Lyndal Urwick is one among classical theorist, in this theory and principles are more important to the organization and responsibility of the people in the organization. He concentrated his efforts on the discovery of principles and identified eight principles of administration applicable to all organization as given below:
ROLE OF NURSE AS A MANAGER
Roles
In Hospital
Responsibilities
Functions
Skills
Hierarchy
22 A Voice
General Duties (or) Roles of Nursing Manager in Hospital
What management activity characterizes the priorities that existed during the human relations?What management activity characterizes the priorities that existed during the human relations era of management? participatory and humanistic management in which participative management was espoused.
What is the primary focus of case management in prioritizing client care?The primary function of case managers is to advocate for clients/support systems. Case managers understand the importance of achieving quality outcomes for their clients and commit to the appropriate use of resources and empowerment of clients in a manner that is supportive and objective.
Which activities are associated with a leadership role?8 Examples of Leadership Activities. Sports. Sports provide the experience of being a team member and developing leadership skills (Flavin, 2018).. Cross-cultural experience. ... . Social groups. ... . Internships. ... . Volunteering. ... . Student government and organizations. ... . 'Passion projects' ... . 'Teamwork'. Which rule or responsibility would the nurse leader fulfill when setting priorities for achieving success by using the simplest and fastest method of communication?A nurse leader is setting priorities for achieving success by using the simplest and fastest method of communication. Which rules and responsibilities does the nurse fulfill by this action? An effective leader maintains work-life balance in his or her own life, as well as facilitating balance for followers.
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