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Terms in this set (108)self-serving bias people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures narcissism a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others emotion a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity James-Lange theory a theory which asserts that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. emotional experience is the consequence - not the cause - of our physiological reactions Cannon-Bard theory a theory which asserts asserts that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain two-factor theory a theory which asserts that emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal appraisal an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus emotion regulation the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies strategies to influence one's emotional experience reappraisal changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-elicing stimulus (think of it as at a wedding, not a funeral) emotional expression an observable sign of an emotional state. i.e.: smile facial feedback hypothesis the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (feel happier if you smile) display rules norms for the control of emotional expression (it is permissible to show contempt for your peers but not for your superiors motivation the purpose for or psychological cause of an action hedonic principle the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain drive an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality. i.e.: hunger Maslow's theory theory that people will not experience a need until all the needs below it are met. physiological needs -> safety and security needs -> belongingness and love needs -> esteem needs -> need for self-actualization bulimia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging anorexia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and sever restriction of food intake metabolism the rate at which energy is used by the body mortality-salience hypothesis the prediction that people who are reminded of their own morality will work to reinforce their cultural world views intrinsic motivation a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eat french fry b/c tastes good) extrinsic motivation a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward (study) conscious motivation a motivation of which one is aware unconscious motivation a motivation of which one is not aware need for achievement the motivation to solve worthwhile problems. people vary in this. approach motivation a motivation to experience positive outcomes avoidance motivation a motivation not to experience negative outcomes rational choice theory the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two (.2x2000 v. .1x500) frequency format hypothesis the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur availability bias the tendency to mistakenly judge items that are more readily available in memory as having occurred more frequently conjunction fallacy an error that occurs when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event i.e.: we choose "all of the above"
representativeness heuristic a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event (think if he is described as a lawyer, although only 30% are lawyers) framing effects phenomena that occur when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problems is phrased (or framed) i.e.: 70% survival rate v. 30% death rate sunk-cost fallacy a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situations (still go to concert in rain if you spent $100) prospect theory the proposal that people choose to take risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains intelligence the ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experiences ratio IQ a statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100 deviation IQ a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100 two-factor theory of intelligence Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s) fluid intelligence the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences crystallized intelligence the ability to learn and use knowledge that was acquired through experience prodigy a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability savant a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability emotional intelligence the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning fraternal twins dizygotic twins. twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm identical twins monozygotic twins. twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm shared environment those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household i.e.: affluence, diet, books nonshared environment environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household social psychology the study of the causes and consequences of sociality aggression behavior whose purpose is to harm another frustration-aggression hypothesis a principle stating that animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted i.e.: chimp wants banana (goal) but pelican is about to take it (frustration) so chimp threatens pelican w/ fist (aggression) cooperation behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit group a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from other prejudice a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on that person's group membership discrimination positive or negative behavior toward another person based on that person's group membership deindividuation a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values diffusion of responsibility the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way. altruism behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself kin selection the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives reciprocal altruism behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future passionate love an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction companionate love an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
social exchange the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits social influence the ability to control another person's behavior norm a customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture normative influence a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate norm of reciprocity the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them door-in-the-face technique
a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior (i'll lower your sentence, more likely to go) conformity the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it obedience the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do attitude an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event belief an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event informational influence a phenomenon that occurs when a person's behavior provides information about what is good or right (i.e: stop and start up at a building, others will too) persuasion a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person systematic persuasion the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason (the president elect's promise) heuristic persuasion the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed y appeals to habit or emotion (how the president elect actually runs) foot-in-the-door technique a technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request cognitive dissonance an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs social cognition the processes by which people come to understand others stereotyping the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong attribution an inference about the cause of a person's behavior correspondence bias the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation actor-observer effect the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others Excitation Transfer video girl on shaky bridge. where there's fear there is passion. six universal emotions happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise. supported by cross-cultural studies marshmallow test showed delayed gratification if they could wait for 2 later instead of 1 now. those who waited were more successful later in life Time video (chocolate) also delayed gratification. main point: finally around 5 years old, understand that concept of waiting "ten minutes" isn't that long. can sit comfortably. have had experience with "ten minutes" Goleman's 5 aptitudes of emotional intelligence self-awareness, self-soothing, self-motivation, empathy, effective relating anterior cingulate cortex mixing emotion with reason to make decision. i.e.: smuggle the baby to save ourselves? heuristics a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reach. i.e.: Conjunction Fallacy. also i.e.: Jewish sorority rush example certainty effect people simplify available information expected value people choose the prospect with the best value Belief Bias people's judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically value. more likely to believe someone in a lab coat from Harvard, even if his argument is less logical. syllogistic reasoning determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements (logical validity v. believability of source) that are assumed to be true. fundamental attribution error something that causes something. we underestimate that the situation causes it too for others. but for ourselves, we blame the situation. attitudes Implicit: not aware, internal self-fulfilling prophecy what we expect to happen, happens. confirmation biases we have biases and stereotypes and info that fits and confirms these ideas. we disregard info that would refute our original ideas. dehumanization something we do to other people, within the person. i.e.: shave heads of prisoners and remove their clothes to make them look more animal like. Bystander Apathy apathetic response to something you witness as a bystander. guy outside of math. Mere Exposure Effect more we're exposed to something the more we are likely to like it. i.e.: parents democrats, even if not told to, exposed and believe it. Advertisers use this! cognitive schemas we organize information about people based on their membership in certain groups. we are more resistant to accepting info that doesn't fit this schema. i.e.: Bill Gates dropped out sure but you aren't going to. (confirmation bias) Sherif Research working together may help solve group hostility. camper example. Jigsaw classroom concept working together. reduce prejudices. Elaboration Likelihood Model main model used in marketing to change attitudes. If use central route processing (Jennifer Aniston is better than Angelina Jolie!) attitudes are resistant to change. If use peripheral route processing (Jennifer wearing your favorite watch, reading your favorite book) not as strongly resistant, classical conditioning happens compliance tendency to agree risk shift effect element of group decision-making. put money in a risky stock if manyothers in the group do it. Group polarization element of group decision-making. put all money in this investment or not investing any money at all Recommended textbook solutions Psychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions Cognitive Psychology3rd EditionE Bruce Goldstein, Robert Hershberger 150 solutions Cognitive Psychology5th EditionE Bruce Goldstein Sets with similar termssocial psychology53 terms lizzy_litzinger Psych 101 Chapter 12 Social Psych43 terms FatesWriter Chapter 13: Social Psychology64 terms kawaiicuppycAke UCONN PSYC 1103 Exam 3 (Dr. Smith, Fall 2017)82 terms snave1998 Sets found in the same folderpsy 201 chapter 1168 terms keithlarmstrong PSYC110160 terms ekimxo Psych chap 1469 terms magicalmysterypizza Chapter 12 Quiz Questions39 terms earcher1 Other sets by this creatorPhilosophy 341 final45 terms ecrichman Econ 102 chapter 18 + pg. 63027 terms ecrichman Econ 102 chapter 16 Fiscal Policy20 terms ecrichman Econ 102 chapter 153 terms ecrichman Verified questionsQUESTION Which of these is an example of a longitudinal study? a. The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for 6 months in a row, starting at six months. b. In the same month, researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders and 20 first graders. c. The memory of one group of 50-year-old adults is measured and then 20 years later compared to a different group of 70-year-olds. Verified answer QUESTION Researchers studying the effects of genes on intelligence have found that a. intelligence is affected by many genes working together. b. there is a gene that is involved in the intelligence of men but not women. c. there is a gene that is involved in the intelligence of women but not men. d. a single gene is involved in the intelligence of both men and women. e. there is no evidence that genes play a role in intelligence. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY a. What are dissociative and somatoform disorders? b. Give an example of a normal form of dissociation in everyday life, and contrast with an example of a dissociative disorder. c. Why do you think it is so difficult to get reliable statistics on the incidence of somatoform disorders? Verified answer QUESTION If approached on the street by a stranger and asked to make a guess about their IQ score your best guess would be a. 50 b. 75 c. 100 d. 125 e. 150 Verified answer Other Quizlet setsMS Azure DP-100 HFW257 terms hanz1235 607 ethics in behavior analysis77 terms Marilee_H ENVS 370 Final Exam Old Test Questions65 terms bshewmon18 Man Acct. Ch. 21 Pt. 120 terms Lexie_Huck8 Related questionsQUESTION When receivers are lowly ego-involved and/or have low ability, what should persuasive messages emphasize? 8 answers QUESTION what differences in behavior/thinking would you expect to see between people who do not have a strong belief in a just world? 2 answers QUESTION What are the 3 parts of love? 15 answers QUESTION Triandis (1995) and others have argued that dissonance-reducing behaviors may be less prevalent on the surface in societies in which 5 answers How do we tend to explain our own behavior as opposed to the behavior of others?According to the Attribution Theory, we tend to explain our own behavior and the behavior of others by assigning attributes to these behavior. There are basically two sources for our behavior; those influenced by Situational (external) factors and those influenced by Dispositional (internal) factors.
What refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes?Self-serving bias. refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.
Which phenomenon states that we have a tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior but situational attributions for our own behavior?The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE, sometimes referred to as the correspondence bias) is the tendency for individuals to over-emphasize personality-based or dispositional explanations for other people's behavior while under-emphasizing situational explanations.
When explaining our own failures the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the?The fundamental attribution error is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior (Ross, 1977).
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What is the term that describes our tendency to take credit for our successes but not for our failures?
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