What is the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed?

Founder of classical conditioning

the basic learning process that involves repeatedly paring a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response; also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning

(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus

the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response with the need for prior learning

(UCR) Unconditioned Response

the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

(CS) Conditioned Stimulus

a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

(CR) Conditioned Response

the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.

the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus bot to other, similar stimuli as well.

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior.

the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors especially as they pertain to the process of learning.

learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by satisfying effect become strengthened and are more liketly to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.

Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.

the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increased the likelihood of that response being repeated.

Positive Reinforcement (OC)

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.

Negative Reinforcement (OC)

a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.

a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

Conditioned Reinforcer (OC)

a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.

Punishment by Application (Positive Punishment) (OC)

a situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.

Punishment by Removal (Negative Punishment) (OC)

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called Negative Punishment

Discriminative Stimulus (OC)

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.

Operant Chamber or Skinner Box

the experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors.

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. (food for correct behavior)

Continuous Reinforcement (OC)

a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced

Partial Reinforcement (OC)

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (kennel, sometimes give food, dog is hopeful)

Extinction in Operant Conditioning

The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Partial Reinforcement Effect (OC)

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement

Schedule of Reinforcement

the delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of response or the time interval between responses

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of response has occurred

variable ration (VR) schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval.

variable interval (VI) schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trail to trial.

increases the likelihood of operant being repeated

decreases the likelihood of operant being repeated.

Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available. (learning without rewards)

learning takes place through observing the actions of others.