What is the name of the projection in which the central ray merely skims a body part

9.Situation:A patient is erect with her back to the image receptor. The central ray enters the anterior aspect and exits the posterioraspect of the body. Which projection has been performed?A. PosteroanteriorB. TangentialC. Ventral decubitusD. Anteroposterior

10.Situation:A patient is lying facing upward with the posterior surface of the body against the image receptor. The right side ofthe body is turned 45 degrees toward the image receptor. The x-ray tube is directed vertically and enters the anterior surface ofthe body. Which position has been performed?

11.Situation:An elbow projection is taken with the posterior surface placed against the image receptor. The elbow is rotated 20degrees externally. Which specific projection has been performed?

12.Situation:A specific projection of the foot in which the central ray enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface istermed:

13.Situation:A patient is placed in a recumbent position with the body tilted so that the head is higher than the feet. The imagereceptor is under the patient and the x-ray tube is above the patient. Which is the general position of the patient?A. TrendelenburgB. ReidC. Sims

D. Fowler14.Situation:The anterior surface of the right knee of the patient is facing the image receptor. The anterior aspect of the knee andlower leg is rotated 15 degrees toward the midline. Which specific projection has been performed?

15. What is the name of the projection in which the central ray merely skims a body part?

Citation, DOI & article data

Citation:

Shetty A, Murphy A, Bell D, et al. Radiographic positioning terminology. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 15 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-29801

Radiographic positioning terminology is used routinely to describe the position of the patient for taking various radiographs. Standard nomenclature is employed with respect to the anatomic position.

Terminology

Basic terms of relations

• anterior is towards the front of the body (Latin: before)
• posterior is towards the back of the body (Latin: after)
• superior is towards the top of the body (Latin: above)
• inferior is towards the bottom of the body (Latin: below)
• medial is towards the midline (Latin: middle)
  • compared with median which is in the midline rather than towards the midline
• lateral is away from the midline (Latin: side)
• proximal is towards the center of the body (Latin: near)
• distal is away from the center of the body (Latin: far)
• superficial is towards the surface of the body
• deep is away from the surface of the body
• ipsilateral is on the same side of the body
• contralateral is on the opposite side of the body

Planes

• the axial plane (transverse or transaxial plane): horizontal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body
  • divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• the sagittal plane: vertical plane parallel to the median plane (or midsagittal plane)
  • divides the body into right half and left halves
• the coronal plane: vertical plane perpendicular to the median plane
  • divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Body positions

• erect: either standing or sitting
• decubitus: lying down
• supine: lying on back
• Trendelenburg position: the patient is supine (on an inclined radiographic table) with the head lower than the feet
• prone: lying face-down
• lateral decubitus: lying on one side
  • right lateral: right side touches the cassette
  • left lateral: left side touches the cassette

Movement

• flexion: decrease in the angle of the joint
• extension: increase in the angle of the joint
• abduction: movement of limb away from midline
• adduction: movement of limb towards the midline
• pronation: movement of hand and forearm to bring the palm facing posterior
• supination: movement of hand and forearm to bring the palm facing anterior
• circumduction: circular movement of a joint using a combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction such that the distal limb describes a circle
• opposition: thumb brought to oppose another digit
• reposition: thumb repositioned back to the anatomic position
• elevation: movement of the scapular superiorly
• depression: movement of the scapular inferiorly
• eversion: movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
• inversion: movement of the sole of the foot towards from the median plane
• protrusion: movement of the mandible, lips or tongue anteriorly
• retraction: movement of the mandible, lips or tongue posteriorly

Projections

• antero-posterior (AP): central ray passes, perpendicular to the coronal plane, from anterior to posterior
• postero-anterior (PA): central ray passes, perpendicular to the coronal plane, from posterior to anterior
  • depending on the anatomic segment to radiograph, synonyms can be used, for example: occipito-frontal (skull); dorso-ventral (thorax); dorso-palmar (hand)
• lateral: central ray, perpendicular to the sagittal plane and parallel to the coronal plane, passes from one side of body to the other
• oblique: central ray passes through the body/body part through a plane which is at an angle to the transverse plane/coronal plane
• axial: central ray passes through (or parallel) to the long axis of the body
  • in some cases, however, the central ray runs through (or parallel) to the long axis of the skeletal segment studied (for example, the axial view of the calcaneus)

References

Related articles: Imaging in practice

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