The Hawthorne Studies showed how ____ can influence work group performance, for better or worse

Frederick Taylor is famous for

Creating the principles of scientific management

The goal of scientific management was to

find the one best way to perform each task

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth are important to management because they

used motion studies to eliminate unnecessary or repetitive motions from the work process

At about the same time as management theorists were developing scientific management principles in the US, Max Weber was in europe developing the

Bureaucratic Management Theory

Which management theorists helped develop human relations management

According to Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of management, BLANK requires that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss

In a departure from mainstream management thinking, Mary Parker Follett believed

conflict could be beneficial

Nearly all organizations should be viewed as ____ that interact with their environments and depend on them for survival

_____ involves managing the daily production of goods and services.

A systems view of management allows managers to

deal with the complex environment in which their company operates

How did the industrial revolution change jobs and organizations?

Low-paid, unskilled workers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans

____ occurs when workers deliberately slow down their pace or restrict their work outputs.

is a chart that shows when and where tasks need to be completed so that a job can be completed in a timely fashion

A contractor was feeling defeated because the job he was working on was so far behind schedule. As he looked at the job site, he saw one worker moving bricks by carrying two at a time from where they were unloaded to where they were needed. Which management process could be used to determine how the workers could perform their tasks more efficiently?

Where would a Gantt chart be appropriate?

rebuilding communities destroyed by a hurricane

building a bridge

planning a Mardi Gras parade

Installing a local are network for a computer system

According to Weber, a bureaucracy

is the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience

_____ is best known for developing the five functions of managers and the fourteen principles of management.

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, ______ requires that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss

The _____ approach to management focuses on the psychological and social aspects of work

According to human relations management

success depends on treating workers well

According to Mary Parker Follett, if managers use ____ to settle or reduce conflict, each of the parties involved give up some of what they want.

With integrative conflict resolution _______.

both parties work together to create an alternative solution that includes shared preferences and integrates interests

Management theorists ____ is best know for his role in the Hawthorne Studies.

The Hawthorne Studies showed how ____ can influence work group performance, for better or worse.

Chester Bernard defined a(n) ____ as "A system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons."

In general, people will be indifferent to managerial directives or orders if they ____.

are understood

can actually be carried out by those people

are compatible with the people's personal interests

are consistent with the purpose of the organizations

_____ involves managing the daily production of goods and services

In general, this management theory uses a quantitative approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality and manage or reduce costly inventories

Operations Management NOT RIGHT

two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

1. What did Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne studies reveal about worker motivation?

The classical era of management was followed by the human relations era, which began in the 1930s and focused primarily on how human behavior and relations affect organizational performance. The new era was ushered in by the Hawthorne studies, which changed the way many managers thought about motivation, job productivity, and employee satisfaction. The studies began when engineers at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant decided to examine the effects of varying levels of light on worker productivity—an experiment that might have interested Frederick Taylor. The engineers expected brighter light to lead to increased productivity, but the results showed that varying the level of light in either direction (brighter or dimmer) led to increased output from the experimental group. In 1927, the Hawthorne engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and a team of researchers to join them in their investigation.

From 1927 to 1932, Mayo and his colleagues conducted experiments on job redesign, length of workday and workweek, length of break times, and incentive plans. The results of the studies indicated that increases in performance were tied to a complex set of employee attitudes. Mayo claimed that both experimental and control groups from the plant had developed a sense of group pride because they had been selected to participate in the studies. The pride that came from this special attention motivated the workers to increase their productivity. Supervisors who allowed the employees to have some control over their situation appeared to further increase the workers’ motivation. These findings gave rise to what is now known as the Hawthorne effect, which suggests that employees will perform better when they feel singled out for special attention or feel that management is concerned about employee welfare. The studies also provided evidence that informal work groups (the social relationships of employees) and the resulting group pressure have positive effects on group productivity. The results of the Hawthorne studies enhanced our understanding of what motivates individuals in the workplace. They indicate that in addition to the personal economic needs emphasized in the classical era, social needs play an important role in influencing work-related attitudes and behaviors.

Concept Check

1. How did Mayo’s studies at the Hawthorne plant contribute to the understanding of human motivation?
2. What is the Hawthorne effect?
3. Was the practice of dimming and brightening the lights ethical?

What did the Hawthorne studies reveal?

Can influence work group performance according to the Hawthorne studies *?

What was the most important impact of the Hawthorne studies?

What is Hawthorne studies in management?