Selecting scientific procedures and research methodsA scientific procedure means a procedure through which a given task related to the research and reaching the research aim is successively implemented. A scientific procedure is based on certain methodology. Its content is supported by the methodology. The meaning of a scientific procedure is to successfully reach the research aim. At the same time, a scientific procedure means implementation of research methods. Show
Selecting methods1) Classification of scientific procedures according to method criteria
Scientific procedures can be classified from different points of view. The table presents one of possible classifications: the type of scientific procedure is differentiated on the basis of the prevailing type of scientific procedure, i.e. whether empiric or theoretical methods prevail in the course of scientific procedure. Another possible classification is based on the way of explanation or interpretation of the treated issue respectively. Based on this criterion, so-called types of scientific methods are differentiated. Among them, there are explanation and interpretation methods. Explanation proceeds from the general to the individual. The general means familiar relationship (e.g. in the form of a “scientific law”); the specific is the phenomena which is being explained and which is included into a general relationship. Interpretation is a different procedure. From the point of view of generality, the most general methods are methods referred to as general scientific methods. They can be used in scientific research universally. The most important are analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparing, specifying and analogy. An individual field of study may use its own (specific) research method. Such a method is referred to as a “specific method”, which suggests that the given method is unique and used only in the given field of study. 2) Differentiation of general scientific methods relative to explanation and interpretation
3) Classification of scientific methods which are prevailing in kinanthropology QUANTITATIVE – based on positivism, uses deduction (Theory – forming hypotheses – observation – testing hypotheses – interpretation and generalization). It is based on theory and presupposes a research project. QUALITATIVE – based on phenomenology, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism (interpretative paradigm), uses induction (observation – revealing regularity – conclusions – theory). It is numeric examination and interpretation. The aim is to reveal the meaning of information (narrative sociology). Quantitative approach tests formed hypotheses, it formulates them qualitatively and it creates new hypotheses and new theory. Examples of quantitative methods: Examples of qualitative methods: Relationship between qualitative and quantitative research
For more information and examples, see: Gavora, P. Introduction into Pedagogical Research. Brno: Paido, 2000. ISBN 80-85931-79-6. (pp. 31 – 45) Hendl in Hendl, J. Introduction into qualitative research. Prague: Karolinum, 1997 defines the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research
Rules of qualitative research Openness Including subjectivity Processuality Reflexivity Case-focus History and context Questioning determinedness Plans of qualitative research (research conception, basic research arrangement) Is a research method that refers to a general set of orderly discipline procedures to acquire evidence?THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Positivist scientific method refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire information. Quantitative researchers use: • Deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world. Mechanisms designed to control the study.
Is a research method that refers to a naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly?Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives.
What are the 4 types of research methods?Data may be grouped into four main types based on methods for collection: observational, experimental, simulation, and derived.
What do you call the process of research where in it must take place in an orderly manner?Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure. Controlled - all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical - all findings are logically based on empirical.
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