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Hinduism In South AsiaHinduism began in South Asia and was an important influence on the formation of Indian society. South and Southeast Asia have a rich and diverse cultural history. South Asia birthed two of the world’s great religions/philosophies: Hinduism and Buddhism. Southeast Asia adopted both religions/philosophies during different periods in their history, as trade links diffused South Asia’s beliefs. Starting in the 13th century, Islam’s influence in both regions increased. Hindu beliefsHinduism is the oldest major world religion still widely practiced. The earliest Hindu beliefs date back at least 1500 years before the birth of Christ. Four concepts are essential within Hinduism:
Images(s): Hindu cultural traditions The Hindu Caste SystemThe Hindu caste system is a rigid social hierarchy that defines one social status based on religious purity and closeness to God.
Comparison between civilizations Most societies have social ranking systems. Throughout history, different cultures have used other ranking systems to determine social status. Merchants had mid-level status in the traditional Indian caste system. In traditional China, merchants had little social standing. While in the Islamic culture, merchants had a high status because Mohammad and his wife had been merchants. Reforming Hinduism: the Bhakti movementThe Bhakti movement developed in India between the 7th and 12th centuries. It began in South India before spreading into Central and Northern India. The Bhakti movement’s main idea was that devotion to God was enough to achieve union with Brahma and break the rebirth cycle.
Reform movements that seek change within a social, economic, or political system are important agents of change in history. Reform movements have many purposes, including strengthening the state or fixing a social injustice. The Bhakti Movement sought to make Indian society more tolerant of religious diversity. When Japanese Prince Shotoku (574-622) adopted a Chinese-style bureaucratic government in Japan, he was reforming the Japanese state to strengthen it against the growing power of the Chinese state. Video: The Bhakti Movement Buddhism Also Began in South AsiaBuddhism also began in South Asia and adopted many of the beliefs and practices of Hinduism. Buddhism also began in India. Its founder was a prince from the Kshatriya caste named Siddhartha Gautama, who, unsatisfied with royal life, went on a journey to seek out the causes of suffering in life. Siddhartha wandered around North India and Nepal for years on his journey. Buddhists believe the Buddha’s search for answers led to his enlightenment.
The Three Universal Truths Image(s): Buddhist cultural traditions Video: Buddha and Buddhism Buddhist monasticismBuddhist monasteries, where monks and nuns lived as near as possible to Buddhist ideas, functioned as Buddhist thought and learning centers. Followers studied, taught, and preached Buddhist thought in these Buddhist monasteries.
Before the 15th century and the expansion of more modern college systems, much of the world’s learning occurred in religious centers. Learning in the Buddhist and Christian worlds took place in monasteries. Monks and nuns were often some of the most educated in society. In the Islamic world, Islamic schools and learning centers were often in mosques. Comparing Hinduism and BuddhismBuddhism and Hinduism seek to help followers break the cycle of rebirth by following a path of inner reflection. In traditional Hinduism, following one’s caste duties breaks the cycle of rebirth. Buddhism rejected the rigid social hierarchy and distinctions outlined in the caste system. For Buddhists, the caste system was a worldly creation that was unjust and violated the principle of showing mercy to all people. The path toward breaking the cycle of rebirth lay in detaching oneself from the world and achieving enlightenment.
The Islamic Conquest of South AsiaTurkish Islamic armies invaded North India in the 13th century leading to the expansion of Islamic culture in the region. Islam first arrived in South Asia with Islamic traders who traded along the East coast of India. The oldest mosque in India dates to 629—less than 20 years after the initial founding of Islam in Arabia. Islamic armies invaded North India: Islamic troops entered South Asia in the 13th century and established the Delhi Sultanate. Muslim religious beliefs and practices spread throughout South Asia as portions of the population converted. Later, in the 16th century, the Islamic Mughal Empire replaced the Delhi Sultanate. Islam was most dominant in North India. Hindu rule remained dominant in Southern India under the Vijayanagar Empire until the 17th century. The Role of Sufi Missionaries in Spreading Islam in South AsiaSufism is a type of Islamic worship that focuses on looking inside oneself in the search for God. Sufi Muslims believe in renouncing material goods, purification of the soul, and questioning God’s nature. Sufi practices spread widely through the expanding Islamic world as Sufi followers adapted their Islamic practices to the areas in which they lived. Sufi were influential in spreading Islam into Hindu South Asia. Sufi missionaries often had the most contact with native inhabitants outside of urban areas. Their mystical practice of Islam was easier to adapt to native traditions that often looked very different than traditional Islam. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam Shape Southeast AsiaIndian culture influenced the government and culture of Southeast Asia. By the 14th century, Islam’s political and economic power in the region had grown. Before the 15th century, South Asian (Indian) kingdoms significantly influenced Southeast Asia. South and Southeast Asia traded goods and culture across trade networks. Hindu and Buddhist cultures blended with local traditions and became dominant belief systems across Southeast Asia. Hinduism's Impact on Southeast Asia Buddhism's Impact on Southeast Asia Islam's Impact on Southeast Asia
What is one continuity in the political system of China in the period 1200 1750?a) The response earned 1 point for identifying Confucianism as a political continuity in the period 1200–1750.
What is continuity and change APwh?Continuities and Change Over Time
This is a historical reasoning process where students need to identify the distinct changes and continuities that exist during a set time and place.
What are the effects of colonization in Southeast Asia?Colonialism has altered Southeast Asian social structure and brought modern western ideas and concepts into society as well. Some of these ideas contained the western culture, western style education, human rights, religion, etc. The arrival of European powers has made the growth of population in the region.
Which economic factor led to the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution?“Although noneconomic factors such as government corruption and ethnic tensions contributed to the Mexican Revolution, economic factors such as labor exploitation and economic inequality were the most important factors in sparking the revolution.”
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Identify one continuity in the political systems of South or Southeast Asia in the period 1750 1900
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