Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register quizlet?

Recommended textbook solutions

Psychology: Themes and Variations

10th EditionWayne Weiten

180 solutions

Child Development: An Active Learning Approach

3rd EditionJoyce Munsch, Laura E. Levine

465 solutions

Abnormal Psychology

8th EditionDavid Barlow, Stefan Hofmann, V Durand

307 solutions

Understanding Psychology

2nd EditionMcGraw-Hill Education

903 solutions

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

a) Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is periodically retrieved.
b) Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information can last for hours.
c) Visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting a bit longer.
d) Information remains for about 10 seconds regardless of its nature.

c)

Nicole learns the formula "E = mc2" by repeating it to herself over and over again. Which one of the following processes is Nicole most clearly demonstrating?
a) Rehearsal
b) Elaboration
c) Meaningful learning
d) Organization

a)

Students' epistemic beliefs can best be described as students' views about:

a) what knowledge is and how it is acquired.
b) which careers are most suitable for their abilities and talents.
c) how long they are likely to remember the things they learn in school.
d) what instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material.

a)

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, why should we not expect students to solve complex problems in their heads?
a) Students' working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time.
b) The capacity for complex problem solving does not emerge until late adolescence.
c) Asking students to solve complex problems promotes rote memorization rather than meaningful learning.
d) By trying to solve complex problems in their heads, students are likely to "unlearn" some of the information stored in their long-term memories.

a)

An authoritarian
parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students?

a) Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.
b) Fern's parents allow her greater-than-average leeway in terms of bedtimes, curfews, and choice of friends.
c) Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior.
d) Kelly's parents are very involved in their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support.

a)

Which one of the following most accurately describes the general concept of temperament?

a) The extent to which people like or dislike themselves
b) An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways
c) The extent to which people use or don't use their inherited intellectual potential
d)The ways that individuals have learned to react to environmental stimuli as a result of their past experiences

b)

A student says to you, "My momma she be singin' all da time." It is most likely that this student:

a) is from a home where English is not the primary language.
b) is using a dialect with some grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English.
c) has a different conception of time than is typical of most children in American schools.
d) has a speech disorder that will qualify the student for special services.

b)

Rani has just moved here from a Middle Eastern country where most women remain at home serving their husbands and taking care of their children. She seems confused when she is asked to perform the same school tasks as her male classmates. Rani's situation illustrates:

a) Why gender schemas are irrelevant to some cultures
b) Cultural differences in personal space
c) The importance of wait time
d) Cultural mismatch

d)

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students learn information effectively. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?

a) Ms. Ayotte has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud.
b) Mr. Bertinelli makes sure that students are paying attention before he begins class.
c) Mr. Canton helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.
d) Ms. Darwin talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the fights students sometimes have on the playground.

a)

Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory. Which one is consistent?

a) Mr. Adamson tells his students that, with practice, they will be able to do complicated long division problems in their heads.
b) Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail.
c) Ms. Constas suggests that students in her Russian class listen to Russian tapes while they sleep.
d) Mr. Dominowski urges his students to put information for tomorrow's test in their "short-term memories."

b)

Which one of the following high school teachers clearly has high self-efficacy
about his or her teaching?

Answers:
a) Mr. Abbot thinks that teaching is simply a matter of reading textbook passages aloud to his history class.
b) Ms. Bouthot has a hypothesis about why some students in her English class rarely turn in their assignments.
c) Ms. Crosby insists that students complete their math homework using a particular format.
Correct
d) Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly "unmotivated" students excited about science.

d)

A key difference between principles and theories is that:

a) Principles tend to be fairly stable over time, whereas theories are expanded and modified based on new research.
b) Principles provide possible explanations for learning or development, whereas theories simply identify important factors.
c) Principles can be applied to a variety of different situations, whereas theories are specific to only one phenomenon.
d) Principles are based on data, whereas theories are based on intuitions.

a)

Which one of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

a) Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.
b) Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten, but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
c) Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class. She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.
d) David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics homework, but David doesn't want to work that hard.

c)

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment. He suffers no consequences for doing so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. From a social cognitive perspective, which one of the following predictions can we make about John's future behavior?

a) He will cheat less frequently.
b) He will cheat as frequently as he has in the past.
c) He will cheat more frequently.
d) He will think that cheating is a morally justifiable behavior.

c)

Which one of the following is the best example of a symbolic model?

a) The school principal
b) An older brother or sister
c) A detective on a television show
d) The police officer who lives next door

d)

From the perspective of social cognitive theory, why might inner-city African American students learn more from an African American model who grew up in poverty than from a model of a different race or background?

Answers:
a) Because the African American model is more likely to understand students from every social class
b) Because the students are more likely to perceive the African American model as being competent
c)Because the students are more likely to realize that the African American model has prestige
d) Because the students will view the African American model's behavior as being applicable to their own situation

d)

During a vocabulary lesson, a teacher talks aloud about how she herself tries to remember the meanings of new vocabulary words. For example, she says, "One of our words this week is herald, which means 'to announce or give notice of.' How might I remember that? Oh, I know! I can think of the Boston Herald, a newspaper that my parents subscribed to when I was young. A newspaper announces what's happening in the world, so it makes sense that it's called the Herald." The teacher's statement is a good example of:

a) cognitive modeling.
b) collective self-efficacy.
c) vicarious reinforcement.
d) self-monitoring.

a)

Two boys are fighting on school grounds during recess. Fighting is against school rules, and the boys know this. Even so, a teacher who sees them lets them continue to fight rather than stopping them and providing a negative consequence. Judging from what social cognitive theorists say regarding what happens when expected punishments don't occur, we can predict that these boys will be:

Answers:
a) less likely to fight in the future.
b) more likely to fight in the future.
c) likely to feel guilty unless they stop fighting.
d) likely to imitate more appropriate social behaviors in the future.

b)

When we see signs that a student feels ashamed or guilty about something that he or she has done, we can reasonably conclude that the student:

Answers:
a) has generally low self-esteem.
b) will become socially withdrawn unless we intervene.
c) will show a temporary increase in aggressive behavior.
d) has developed a sense of right and wrong.

d)

Three of the following tend to be fairly stable personality traits that children have to varying degrees. Which one would psychologists not characterize as a relatively stable personality trait?

a) How often children have negative emotions such as anger or depression
b) How outgoing and friendly children are with their peers
c) How quickly children solve math problems
d) How dependable children are in doing their work carefully and following through on assigned tasks

c)

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

a) Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.
b) Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students angry and defiant.
c) Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment often increases it.
d) Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the negative connotations that punishment has.

a)

From a behaviorist perspective, the primary reason for the diversity in how students behave and misbehave in the classroom is that they:

Answers:
a) come from cultures with very different expectations for classroom behavior.
b) do not share the same intelligence, motivation, or goals.
c) each have a unique history of experiences and consequences.
d) lack metacognitive awareness and don't recognize the cues that tell them what to do.

c)

When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that:

Answers:
a) some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.
b) students' ethnic identities are almost always stronger than their need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture.
c) students' need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their ethnic identities.
d) in the elementary grades, students typically have little conscious awareness that their ethnic backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates

a)

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students?

Answers:
a) When we have knowledge about typical group differences, we have a very good idea of how individual students are likely to perform in the classroom.
b) We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their ethnic background, but not when we know their gender.
c) We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their gender, but not when we know their ethnic background.
d) The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance.

d)

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for helping students learn to engage in self-evaluation. Which strategy, although possibly beneficial for other reasons, is least
likely to promote self-evaluation?

a) Have students compile portfolios of their best work.
b) Give students detailed feedback about their biology lab reports.
c) Have students reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their performance in a daily journal.
d) Give students a checklist of things to look for as they read the first draft of their research papers.

b)

Three of the following are characteristics of self-regulated learning. Which one is not necessarily a characteristic associated with self-regulated learning?

Answers:
a) Trying to focus one's attention on the task at hand
b) Figuring out how best to use the time available to accomplish a particular learning task
c) Deciding what one wants to learn while studying assigned reading materials
d) Working as hard as possible to achieve the teacher's instructional objectives

d)

When a teacher is engaging in cognitive modeling to help students learn to use self-instructions, the teacher will be:

a) repeating the task instructions aloud while performing the activity himself or herself.
b) repeating the task instructions aloud while the student performs the activity.
c) closely monitoring the student, who is repeating the instructions aloud while performing the activity.
d) in the background, while the student silently performs the activity.

a)

On average, self-regulated learners tend to:

Answers:
a) require more of a teacher's time and attention than do other students, but this time and attention is a good investment over the long run.
b) perform better on a continuous reinforcement schedule than on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
c) be less interested in extracurricular activities than their classmates.
d) achieve at higher levels in the classroom.

d)

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The next day she asks her class the following four questions. Which one requires a complex cognitive process?

Answers:
a) "Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?"
b) "What is heat?"
c) "Which one is heated more quickly—a gas or a liquid?"
d) "Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

d)

Meshawn is thinking about the many different ways in which the concept of a lever
might be applied to everyday problems. Meshawn is exhibiting:

Answers:
a) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
b) situated cognition.
c) convergent thinking.
d) divergent thinking.

d)

Piaget claimed that an adolescent's overly optimistic idealism about how one might easily improve the world is due to __________ during the formal operations stage.

a) egocentrism
b) incomplete brain maturation
c) an incompletely developed ability to think abstractly
d) an inability to separate and control variables

a)

Many theorists believe that people have an innate predisposition to learn language. Three of the following provide sources of evidence that these theorists use to support their belief. Which one is not used to support an inherited predisposition to learn language?

Answers:
a) Young infants seem to prefer listening to human voices over other kinds of sounds.
b) Children acquire increasingly larger and more sophisticated vocabularies as they grow older.
c) Children tend to learn certain aspects of a language more easily when they are exposed to it at a young age.
d)Children tend to acquire many complexities of their first language that are unnecessary for day-to-day communication.

b)

Which one of the following is the best example of the use of the Premack principle?

Answers:
a) Being told that you did a good job
b) Getting a new outfit that you think is "cool"
c) Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate
d) Being allowed to play basketball at a friend's house after you finish your homework

d)

In Mr. Marshall's classroom, students who acquire 20 points in one day can have a half hour of free time at the end of the day. Mr. Marshall awards points to his students for good behavior and deducts points when they misbehave. The deduction of points for misbehavior is known as:

Answers:
a) time-out.
b) response cost.
c) in-school suspension.
d) a logical consequence.

b)

Considering the research findings described in the textbook, only one of the following is a true statement. Which one is true?

a) Most experts discourage teachers from having children tutor one another.
b) Mathematics is almost exclusively a left-brain activity; music is largely a right-brain activity.
c) Students who see a classmate rewarded for doing something may engage in the same behavior themselves.
d) Students are usually the best judges of what they do and do not know.

c)

Considering the research findings described in the textbook, only one of the following is a true statement. Which one is true?

Answers:
a) Repeating something over and over is usually the most effective way to learn it.
b) Girls have a noticeable advantage over boys on verbal tasks.
c) For optimal performance, students should never feel the least bit anxious in the classroom.
d) Students often study differently for different kinds of classroom assessments.

d)

Which one of the following is the best example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Answers:
a) A kindergartner uses a white crayon instead of chalk to draw on the blackboard.
b) A third grader develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters.
c) A sixth grader moves to a different school and changes styles to fit the fashions.
d) An eighth grader is discouraged from using the word awesome to describe everything he sees.

a)

Which one of the following is the best example of a mediated learning experience?

Answers:
a) Ms. O'Brien insists that students sit quietly at their desks before she dismisses them for lunch.
b) Mr. James reflects on the lesson he taught earlier in the day. "I suspect that most of my students still don't understand the concepts I was trying to teach them," he thinks.
c) Mr. Lucas asks his students to read Chapter 5 in their textbooks over the weekend. "You'll find that the chapter is more challenging than previous ones," he says.
d) As Ms. Robinson takes a group of children hiking, she gathers leaves from maple, oak, and elm trees and points out the ways in which the leaves from the trees are distinctly different.

d)

Which one of the following statements best describes sensory register?

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory quizlet?

Which one of the following best reflects use of the sensory register component of memory quizlet?

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?