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Assessment allows both instructor and student to monitor progress towards achieving learning objectives, and can be approached in a variety of ways. Formative assessment refers to tools that identify misconceptions, struggles, and learning gaps along the way and assess how to close those gaps. It includes effective tools for helping to shape learning, and can even bolster students’ abilities to take ownership of their learning when they understand that the goal is to improve learning, not apply final marks (Trumbull and Lash, 2013). It can include students assessing themselves, peers, or even the instructor, through writing, quizzes, conversation, and more. In short, formative assessment occurs throughout a class or course, and seeks to improve student achievement of learning objectives through approaches that can support specific student needs (Theal and Franklin, 2010, p. 151). In contrast, summative assessments evaluate student learning, knowledge, proficiency, or success at the conclusion of an instructional period, like a unit, course, or program. Summative assessments are almost always formally graded and often heavily weighted (though they do not need to be). Summative assessment can be used to great effect in conjunction and alignment with formative assessment, and instructors can consider a variety of ways to combine these approaches. Examples of Formative and Summative AssessmentsExamples of Formative and Summative Assessments
Both forms of assessment can vary across several dimensions (Trumbull and Lash, 2013):
RecommendationsFormative Assessment Ideally, formative assessment strategies improve teaching and learning simultaneously. Instructors can help students grow as learners by actively encouraging them to self-assess their own skills and knowledge retention, and by giving clear instructions and feedback. Seven principles (adapted from Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick, 2007 with additions) can guide instructor strategies:
Instructors can find a variety of other formative assessment techniques through Angelo and Cross (1993), Classroom Assessment Techniques (list of techniques available here). Summative Assessment Because summative assessments are usually higher-stakes than formative assessments, it is especially important to ensure that the assessment aligns with the goals and expected outcomes of the instruction.
Considerations for Online AssessmentsEffectively implementing assessments in an online teaching environment can be particularly challenging. The Poorvu Center shares these recommendations. ReferencesNicol, D.J. and Macfarlane-Dick, D. (2006) Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education 31(2): 2-19. Theall, M. and Franklin J.L. (2010). Assessing Teaching Practices and Effectiveness for Formative Purposes. In: A Guide to Faculty Development. KJ Gillespie and DL Robertson (Eds). Jossey Bass: San Francisco, CA. Trumbull, E., & Lash, A. (2013). Understanding formative assessment: Insights from learning theory and measurement theory. San Francisco: WestEd. What is formative evaluation quizlet?Formative Assessment. Variety of formal and informal assessments conducted by teachers during the learning process to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. Which of the following statements is true of the Solomon four group evaluation design used for the evaluation of a company's training program?Which of the following statements is true of the Solomon four-group evaluation design used for the evaluation of a company's training program? It controls for most threats to internal and external validity. What is summative evaluation quizlet?What is summative assessment? -It is the assessment procedure(s) used to determine a student's mastery and understanding of information, skills, concepts, or processes. Is formative a evaluation?Formative evaluation, used in other social sciences, is herein defined as a rigorous assessment process designed to identify potential and actual influences on the progress and effectiveness of implementation efforts. Which of the following statement best differentiates formative evaluation from summative evaluation?Which of the following statements best differentiates formative evaluation from summative evaluation? Formative evaluation focuses on how to make a training program better, whereas summative evaluation helps to determine the extent to which trainees have changed after training.
Which among the following refers to the process of collecting the outcomes needed to determine whether training is effective?Training evaluation refers to the process of collecting the outcomes needed to determine if training is effective. The company constantly evaluates the effectiveness of training programs to find if the money they have invested has been spending properly or not.
Which training outcome measure is best quizlet?A pencil-and-paper test is the best means for measuring skill-based outcomes. Outcome measures are often perfectly related to each other. A comparison group refers to a group of employees who participate in the evaluation study but do not attend the training program.
What are used to assess cognitive outcomes?Conventional approaches to evaluating cognitive outcomes of training typically use paper-and-pencil tests that emphasize gains or differences in declarative knowledge. Yet a key factor in differentiating expert and novice performance is the way individuals organize their knowledge.
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