Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the united states?

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What factors account for crime rate trends?
Which of the following is an example of corporate crime?
Which of the following best defines how deviance is defined?
What theory holds that crime resulted not from what criminals have in common with others in society but from their distinctive physical or mental defects?

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Question	Answer
a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity	aggregate
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks	authoritarian leader
are formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality	bureaucracies
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way	category
refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform	clear division of labor
are organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital	coercive organizations
the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms	conformity
a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action	democratic leader
a two-member group	dyad
the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized	explicit rules
a group function that serves an emotional need	expressive function
a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing	expressive leader
large, impersonal organizations	formal organizations
the amount that information from a specific example can be generalized to apply to the overall population	generalizability
any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity	group
a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy	hierarchy of authority
the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration	Iron Rule of Oligarchy
the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation	impersonality
a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity	in-group
being oriented toward a task or goal	instrumental function
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks	instrumental leader
a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions	laissez-faire leader
the main focus or goal of a leader	leadership function
the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members	leadership style
the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions	McDonaldization
a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills	meritocracy
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards	normative or voluntary organizations
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with	out-group
small, informal groups of people who are closest to us	primary groups
groups to which an individual compares herself	reference groups
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited	secondary groups
an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs	total institution
a three-member group	triad
organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need	utilitarian organizations
What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement?	How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension
What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective?	The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
What role do secondary groups play in society?	They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.
When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________.	reference groups
Which of the following is NOT an example of an in-group? a. The Ku Klux Klan b. A fraternity c. A synagogue d. A high school	d. A high school
What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?	Reference group
A parent who is worrying over her teenager’s dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low selfesteem may wish to look at her child’s: a. reference group b. in-group c. out-group d. All of the above	d. All of the above
Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.	dyad; triad
Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b. A high school teacher at a reform school c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d. A manager at a fast-food restaurant	c. the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a. A fire station b. A college classroom c. A high school prom committee d. A homeless shelter	a. A fire station
In Asch’s study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a. A very small group of witnesses b. The presence of an ally c. The ability to keep one’s answer private d. All of the above	d. All of the above
Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Expressive	a. Authoritarian
Which is NOT an example of a normative organization? a. A book club b. A church youth group c. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d. A study hall	d. A study hall
Which of these is an example of a total institution? a. Jail b. High school c. Political party d. A gym	a. Jail
Why do people join utilitarian organizations?	Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracies? a. Coercion to join b. Hierarchy of authority c. Explicit rules d. Division of labor	a. Coercion to join
What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. Increased productivity b. Increased efficiency c. Equal treatment for all d. All of the above	d. All of the above
What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society?	There is more worldwide availability of goods.
What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldizaiton of society?	There is less variety of goods.
theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society	control theory
crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment	corporate crime
the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses	corrections system
a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law	court
a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions	crime
an organization that exists to enforce a legal code	criminal justice system
theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime	cultural deviance theory
a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms	deviance
theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance	differential association theory
sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced	formal sanctions
attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics	hate crimes
sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions	informal sanctions
the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society	labeling theory
codes that maintain formal social control through laws	legal codes
a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual	master status
punishments for violating norms	negative sanctions
crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force	nonviolent crimes
a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level	police
rewards given for conforming to norms	positive sanctions
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources	power elite
a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others	primary deviance
the means of enforcing rules	sanctions
occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society	secondary deviance
collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews	self-report study
the regulation and enforcement of norms	social control
theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control	social disorganization theory
an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives	social order
theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals	strain theory
crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces	street crime
activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them	victimless crime
crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force	violent crimes
Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a. by federal, state, and local laws. b. Deviance's definition is determined by one’s religion. c. occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d. Deviance is socially defined.	d. Deviance is socially defined
During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________.	An act of deviance
A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class.One day,the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used ____ to maintain social control	Informal negative sanctions
Societies practice social control to maintain ________.	social order
One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______.	informal sanctions
According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? a. A war veteran b. A senator c. A professor d. A mechanic	b. A senator
According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where?	A community where neighbors don't know each other very well
Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________.	wealth
According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?	Because his fame protects him from retribution
A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this?	The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.
______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant.	Primary; does not
Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Assault d. Burglary	a. Embezzlement
Spousal abuse is an example of a ________.	violent crime
Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States?	a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing
What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?	The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.
a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives	caste system
social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments	class system
also called class markers, the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class	class traits
a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation	class
buying and using products to make a statement about social standing	conspicuous consumption
thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity	Davis-Moore thesis
a lowering of one's social class	downward mobility
unions of people within the same social category	endogamous marriages
unions of spouses from different social categories	exogamous marriages
a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole	global stratification
the money a person earns from work or investments	income
a difference in social class between different generations of a family	intergenerational mobility
a difference in social class between different members of the same generation	intragenerational mobility
an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing	meritocracy
a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son	primogeniture
the ability to change positions within a social stratification system	social mobility
a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige	social stratification
the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle	standard of living
the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation	status consistency
when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder	structural mobility
an increase—or upward shift—in social class	upward mobility
the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance	wealth
What factor makes caste systems closed?	People cannot change their social standings.
What factor makes class systems open?	They allow for movement between the classes.
Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? a. Caste b. Monarchy c. Endogamy d. Class	d. Class
Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?	First-generation college student
Which statement illustrates low status consistency?	c. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year.
Based on meritocracy, a physician’s assistant would:	earn a pay raise for doing excellent work
In the United States, most people define themselves as: a. middle class b. upper class c. lower class d. no specific class	a. middle class
Structural mobility occurs when:	a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes
The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as:	class traits
Occupational prestige means that jobs are:	not equally valued
Social stratification is a system that:	ranks society members into categories
Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? a. Pie chart b. Flag poles c. Planetary movement d. Pyramid	d. Pyramid
The GNI PPP figure represents: a. a country’s total accumulated wealth b. annual government spending c. the average annual income of a country’s citizens d. a country’s debt	c. the average annual income of a country's citizens
The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification:	serves a purpose in society
Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions.	denied the opportunity to obtain
When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:	do not feel connected to their work
Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: a. are ambitious b. fund social services c. spend money wisely d. get rich while workers stay poor	d. get rich while workers stay poor
the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities	absolute poverty
the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources	capital flight
a form of slavery in which one person owns another	chattel slavery
dominant capitalist countries	core nations
the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals	debt accumulation
when people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom	debt bondage
the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower	deindustrialization
theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations	dependency theory
a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies	first world
a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage	fourth world
a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty	global feminization
the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority	global inequality
the unequal distribution of resources between countries	global stratification
the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country	gross national income (GNI)
a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work	modernization theory
nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization	peripheral nations
the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country	relative poverty
a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living	second world
in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace	semi-peripheral nations
a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations	subjective poverty
a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unidustrialized countries	third world
an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections	underground economy
A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy.	conflict theory
A___perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure	functional
A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would:	want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis
France might be classified as which kind of nation? a. Global b. Core c. Semi-peripheral d. Peripheral	b. Core
In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their American factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: a. conflict theory b. OECD c. global inequality d. capital flight	d. capital flight
Slavery in the pre-Civil War American South most closely resembled a. chattel Slavery b. debt Bondage c. relative Poverty d. peonage	a. chattel Slavery
Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty.	absolute
Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in:	relative poverty
One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _______.	a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations
One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________.	its inherent ethnocentric bias
If a sociologist says that nations evolve towards more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy.	modernization theory
If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a:	dependency theorist
Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that:	core nations exploit peripheral nations

What factors account for crime rate trends?

Modes of transportation and highway system. Economic conditions, including median income, poverty level, and job availability. Cultural factors and educational, recreational, and religious characteristics. Family conditions with respect to divorce and family cohesiveness.

Which of the following is an example of corporate crime?

Violation of environmental laws, bribery, false claims, and corporate fraud are a few examples of corporate crime; types of white-collar crimes are limited, of course, only by the criminal's imagination.

Which of the following best defines how deviance is defined?

Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws. Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. Deviance is socially defined.

What theory holds that crime resulted not from what criminals have in common with others in society but from their distinctive physical or mental defects?

positivism is a research tradition that seeks to establish objective causes of individual behaviour. Biological explanations of crime assume that some people are 'born criminals', who are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. The most famous proponent of this approach is Cesare Lombroso.

Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the united states?

What factors account for crime rate trends?

Which of the following is an example of corporate crime?

Which of the following best defines how deviance is defined?

What theory holds that crime resulted not from what criminals have in common with others in society but from their distinctive physical or mental defects?

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