Which of the following settings determines the format for in-text citations and the bibliography?

One author

Rule

Surname of author, no initials or suffixes such as Jr. The year of publication is also included

Citation examples

..This was seen in an Australian study (Conger, 1979).
OR
Conger (1979) has argued that...
OR
In 1979, Conger conducted a study which showed that...

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Two authors
Three to five authors
Six or more authors
Different authors : same surname
Multiple authors: ambiguous citations
Multiple works: by same author
Multiple works: by same author AND same year
If the author is identified as 'anonymous'
Unknown author
Corporate or group of authors
Multiple references
Citing specific parts of a source
Quote from an electronic source
Personal communications
Citation of a secondary source: (i.e a source referred to in another publication)
Citing legislation or legal cases
Websites (but not a specific document on that site)
Web page, author
Web page with corporate author
Web page, unknown author
Web page, no date
Market Reports/Industry databases, no individual author
Market Reports/Industry databases, author
Can you put an in text citation in a footnote?
Which of the following refers to a detailed list of sources typically found at the end of a document?
Are footnotes the same as bibliography?
How do you do in text citations for footnotes?

Two authors

Rule	Cite both surnames every time the reference occurs in the text
Citation examples	...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002) OR Davidson and Harrington (2002)...

Three to five authors

Rule	Cite all surnames and publication year the first time, thereafter only the first surname followed by et al. Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see below).
Citation examples	The first time cited: ...(Brown, Soo, & Jones, 1990). Brown, Soo, and Jones (1990)... thereafter: ...(Brown et al., 1990). Brown et al. (1990)...

Six or more authors

Rule	Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year from the first citation. Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see below). Include all authors, up to seven, in the reference list. Please see instruction for eight or more authors on the introductory page of this guide.
Citation examples	.... (Girad-Perregaux et al., 2003). Girad-Perregaux et al. (2003)...

Different authors : same surname

Rule	Add the initials of the author's first or given name/s to their surname to distinguish them.
Citation examples	P. R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) ... (S. A. Brown & Jones, 1961) to distinguish from (W. O. Brown & Smith, 1985).

Multiple authors: ambiguous citations

Rule	If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction, followed by a comma and et al.
Citation examples	...(Brown, Shimamura, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Brown, Taylor, et al., 1998).

Multiple works: by same author

Rule	When cited together give the author's surname once followed by the years of each publication, which are separated by a comma.
Citation examples	... (Stairs, 1992, 1993). Stairs (1992, 1993)...

Multiple works: by same author AND same year

Rule

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, suffixes (a, b, c, etc.) are added to the year. Allocation of the suffixes is determined by the order of the references in the reference list, not by the order in which they are cited. Suffixes are also included in the reference list, and these references are listed alphabetically by title. If cited together, list by suffix as shown below.

Citation examples

Stairs (1992b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 1992a).
...(Stairs, 1992a, 1992b).

If the author is identified as 'anonymous'

Rule	Use Anonymous in place of the author's surname.
Citation examples	... (Anonymous, 1997)

Unknown author

Rule	Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article or a chapter use double quotation marks. If the title is from a periodical, book brochure or report then use italics.
Citation examples	...the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968).

Corporate or group of authors

Rule

If organization is recognized by abbreviation, cite the first time as follows:

Citation examples

... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2005)

Note: [AIHW] is in square brackets for the initial in-text citation and thereafter as
... (AIHW, 2005).
However, if abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time:
... (Australian Research Council, 1996)

Multiple references

Rule	List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons
Citation examples	... (Burst, 1995; Nguyen, 1976; Turner & Hooch, 1982).

Citing specific parts of a source

Rule	For a direct quote the page number(s) must be given. Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, etc. as specifically as possible. Use accepted abbreviations, i.e. p. for page, para. for paragraph..
Citation examples	As one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45). Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45). This theory was put forward by Smith (2005, chap.7)

Quote from an electronic source

Rule	Where page numbers are not provided use paragraph numbers.
Citation examples	...(Chang, 2001, para. 2)

Personal communications

Rule	These include private letters, e-mail, and conversations. As personal communications are not accessible to others, they are not included in the reference list. However, an in-text citation is required.
Citation examples	... (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2002). R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2002)...

Citation of a secondary source: (i.e a source referred to in another publication)

Rule

Note: APA 6th specifies that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (for example, out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source.

If the original source is not available, ONLY include the details of the source you actually read. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988).

Citation examples

... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988).
Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ...
Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...

Citing legislation or legal cases

The way you cite legislation or legal cases depends on whether you read the actual legislation or read about it in another source. If it is the latter, the legislation/case should be treated as a secondary source.

Rule - Legislation

The title of the leglslation and the year (jurisdiction). Note: include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations

Citation examples

The Medical Treatment Act 1988 (Vic) states......

by virtue of s. 25.1 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth).....

..."A restrictive intervention may only be used on a person....." (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 105)

as a secondary source

....Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic) (as cited in Creighton & Rozen, 2007)

Rule - Cases

The title of the case (year). Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.

Citation examples

According to the case of Rogers v Whitaker (1992).....

as a secondary source

.....Chappel v Hart (1988) (as cited in Forrester & Griffiths, 2010)

Websites (but not a specific document on that site)

Rule	When citing an entire website it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry required.
Citation examples	Apple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (http://www.apple.com).

Web page, author

Rule

Family name and year of publication.

Citation examples

In a recent article on the role of quantitative analysts Loeper (2019) states…

The role of quantitative analysts has been recently reviewed (Loeper, 2019)

Web page with corporate author

Rule

Organisation name and year of publication.

Citation examples

A webpage regarding educational programs and discounts offered by Samsung (2019) states…

Extensive information on education programs and discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2019)

Web page, unknown author

Rule	Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication.
Citation examples	An Australian government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Queensland (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2019).

Web page, no date

Rule

Use the letters n.d. - an abbreviation of the words ‘no date’.

Citation examples

In a self-published autobiographical article audiovisual organisation Bose (n.d) mention…

The company’s history is outlined in a self-published autobiography (Bose, n.d.)

Market Reports/Industry databases, no individual author

Rule

Cite the database or Market Report publisher as author.

Citation examples

An industry report on infrastructure construction in China by IBISWorld (2019) asserts…

Infrastructure construction in China was summarised in a recent industry report (IBISWorld, 2019).

Market Reports/Industry databases, author

Rule

Family name and year of publication.

Citation examples

In an industry report on Australian accommodation Smith (2019) states…

Australian accommodation options were recently reviewed (Smith, 2019).

Can you put an in text citation in a footnote?

For Exact Quotes. Rule: Citations are provided in numbered footnotes (at the bottom of the page containing the reference) or endnotes (at the end of the paper). Notes should be numbered consecutively throughout the paper even if you are citing a source more than once.

Which of the following refers to a detailed list of sources typically found at the end of a document?

A works cited list is a list of sources, usually placed at the end of a document, that you referred to (or "cited") in the document.

Are footnotes the same as bibliography?

Footnotes/endnotes are formatted differently than bibliography citations. If do not include a bibliography, the footnotes/endnotes in your paper must be full citations. If you include a bibliography, or if you are citing a source for the second time, you can use shortened citations for your footnotes or endnotes.

How do you do in text citations for footnotes?

Footnotes are listed at the bottom of the page on which a citation is made. A numeral is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote. A footnote lists the author, title and details of publication, in that order.