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HomeTextbook Notes300,000US110,000 225 views2 pages  amberduck8 27 Mar 2017 School U of M Department Psychology Course PSYCH 303 Professor Colleen Seifert Like For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required. Get accessYearly Monthly Yearly Grade+20% off $8 USD/m$10 USD/m Billed $96 USD annually Homework Help Study Guides Textbook Solutions
Class Notes Textbook Notes Booster Class 40 Verified Answers Class+ $8 USD/m Billed $96 USD annually Homework Help Study Guides Textbook Solutions Class Notes Textbook Notes Booster Class 30 Verified Answers Related DocumentsPSYCH 303 Chapter 10: Introduction to Simple Experiments, Part III amberduck8 PSYCH 303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Operational Definition, Operationalization, Psych blushprairie-dog461 PSYCH 303 Final Exam Study Guide PSYCH 303 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Statistical Hypothesis Testing, Null Hypothesis, Statistical Inference blushprairie-dog461 Chap. 11 Notes: More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables Threats to Internal Validity: Did the Independent Variable Really Cause the Difference? Bad Experiment: â—ŹOne-group pretest/posttest design: A researcher recruits one grop of participants; measures them on a pretest; exposes them to a treatment, intervention, or change; and then measures them on a posttest. â—ŹNo comparison group=bad experiment!! 6 Potential Internal Validity Threats in One-Group, Pretest/Posttest Designs 1.Maturation Threats: a change in behavior that emerges more or less spontaneously over time a.People adapt to changed environments; children get better at walking and talking;plants grow taller, etc. b.Spontaneous remission: type of maturation where symptoms disappear over time c.Prevention: i.Pretest/posttest design that has at least two groups for comparison 2.History Threats: unclear whether a change in the treatment group is caused by the treatment itself, or by an external historical factor that affects most members of a group, making it unclear whether the change is caused by the treatment received. a.To be a history threat, the external factor must affect most people in the group in the same direction (systematically), not just a few people (unsystematically) b.Prevention: i.Comparison group 3.Regression Threat: refers to a statistical concept called regression to the mean: When a group mean is unusually extreme at Time 1, the next time that group is measured (Time 2), it is likely to be less extreme-closer to its typical or average performance a.An unusually good performance or outcome is likely to regress downward toward the mean and an unusually bad performance or outcome is likely to regress upward (toward the mean) the next time b.Regression threats occur only when a group is measured twice, and only when the group has an extreme score at pretest c.Prevention: i.Comparison group ii.Careful inspection of the pattern of results 4.Attrition Threat (morality): reduction in participant numbers that occurs when people drop out before the end a.Can happen when a pretest and posttest are administered on separate days and some participants are not available on the second day b.Becomes a problem for internal validity when attrition is systematic; that is when only certain kind of participant drop out c.Prevention: i.When participants drop out of a study, most researchers will remove Why is this page out of focus?This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document. Why is this page out of focus?This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document. Why is this page out of focus?This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document. What are obscuring factors?Obscuring factors prevent you from seeing a relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. With too much noise in the data, you err by missing a relationship (type II error). Contrast with confounding factors. Causes: Variability through individual differences.
Which variable is possible to manipulations for researcher?A study in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
When researchers manipulate a variable in a study they are carrying out a n the manipulated variable is often called the variable A?A manipulated variable always has more than one level or condition. Researchers measure the dependent variable to determine the effect of the manipulated variable. When researchers manipulate a variable in a study, they are carrying out a(n) experiment. The manipulated variable is often called the independent variable.
When researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable The research is using which research design?An experiment is a type of empirical study that features the manipulation of an independent variable, the measurement of a dependent variable, and control of extraneous variables.
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Which of the following are obscuring factors that can be detected with a manipulation check?
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