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Terms in this set (88)The freedom to act on one's own judgment. This concept refers to the latitude in police officer decision making. Discretion Street Level Bureaucrats According to the text, patrol officers exercise the greatest amount of discretion. Discretion increases as one moves down the policing organizational hierarchy. Because patrol officers are the lowest-ranking employees, they make the decisions that produce actual police policy as it affects citizens. Through their discretion, police officers are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system. They determine the system's workload. Positive Uses of Discretion Proper exercise of professional judgment, effective use of scarce resources, individualized justice, and sound public policy. Work Environment of Policing According to the text, policing is low-visibility work because it is the most secluded position in the criminal justice system. Most patrol officers work alone and have to make many critical decisions without direct supervision. Police officers choose whatever course of action they prefer, and this work environment creates the opportunity for using and potentially abusing discretion. Low-Visibility Work A term used to describe policing, since officers often do not have direct supervision by sergeant, and many incidents involving police action or police-citizen interaction occur in private places. Situational Factors Police discretion is influenced by the circumstances of each situation. Factors influencing the decision to make an arrest fall under two categories, the legal and the extralegal. Preference of the Victim Studies have found that arrest practices sharply reflect the preferences of the victim or the complaining party. An arrest is more likely to occur when the victim or complaining party requests it. Demeanor of the Suspect The demeanor of a suspect is a major factor in arrest decisions. Arrest increases when a suspect is disrespectful, antagonistic, or resistant toward the police. Informal Organizational Culture Values and traditions, inherited from England during the colonial period, that place primary responsibility for protection with local governments, both city and county. Local Political Culture Values and traditions, communicated informally in a particular department, town, or community, that influence the organizational structure of policing and officer discretion in that area. Myth of Full Enforcement A myth that states that the police fully enforce all of the laws instead of using their own discretion. Administrative Rule making Seeks to guide the exercise of police discretion through written departmental rules and the requirement that officers complete written reports on how they handled situations. CALEA Accreditation Standards This stands for Commission of Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. Its book of rules is Accreditation Standards for Law Enforcement Agencies. The primary simple strategy for ensuring compliance is to require police officers to file written reports after each incident and to have those reports automatically reviewed by supervisors. Standard Operations Procedure Manual (SOP) This is commonly referred to as the SOP. The written rules and policies of a department are collected and codified in its SOP manual. An action by a criminal justice official based on that official's judgment about the best course of action is called __________. Discretion Who exercises the greatest amount of discretion? Police Officers
Who are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system? Police Officers An example of police manager discretion is the decision _______. to adopt community policing or problem-oriented policing An example of a patrol officer's discretion is the decision ________. to stop, question, or frisk a suspect An example of a detective's discretion is the decision ________. to seek a warrant for a search All but which of the following are underlying sources of police discretion? unlimited police resources The number-one factor in deciding to make an arrest or not is ______. the seriousness of the crime According to Reiss, police officer attitudes regarding race: show that personal attitudes do not translate into any particular behavior. One important factor that influences police discretion is the: bureaucratic setting of the criminal justice system Kenneth Davis describes the principles of administrative rule-making in terms of a strategy to fill the gap between law and ____________________. practice Which of the following is an example of confining police discretion by "fixing the boundaries?" the defense-of-life standard. The specific objective(s) of administrative rulemaking, according to Kenneth Culp Davis, is (are) ________________. confining discretion The characteristics of the individual officer ________ appear to have a major influence on police behavior. do not Official department policies have a _______ influence over police discretion. powerful Written rules and policies are codified in the department's ________. standard operating procedures Accreditation standards for police departments are set by ______________. CALEA Wilson identified different organizational styles of policing. Which of the following is not one of these styles? management What did James Q. Wilson write about discretion in terms of police work? Discretion increases as one moves down the organizational hierarchy. In policing, discretion is ___________________. governed by a number of legal and bureaucratic factors Which of the following are traditional police-related problems experienced by gay men, lesbians, and transgendered people? disrespect and physical abuse It has been found that immigrants _______________. are less likely to report crimes to the police Different outcomes that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment are called _____________. disparity A 2008 survey found that ___________ percent of African Americans are satisfied with their police, compared with 91percent of white Americans. 75 The majority of police officers are black in the city of ___________. Detroit When minority citizens argue that they are the victims of the police and that the police stop, question, and frisk minority citizens, they are complaining about __________. under enforcement by the police Generally, police departments assign patrol cars to an area of town based on ___________. the number of crime and service calls in the area The greatest source of tension between the police and racial minorities is _____________. police field practices What was the age of Edward Garner when he became involved with the police? 15 In the case of Tennessee v. Garner, Garner was charged with _________. none of these Since the 1960s and 1970s the number of police shootings has ________. declined During the 1960s and 1970s, the ratio of blacks to whites killed by police reached as high as 1 to 1 Excessive force is formally defined as: any level of force more than is necessary What percentage of officers agree that members of the police department sometime, often, or always use more force than is necessary to make an arrest? 21% White officers are more likely to use excessive force against ___________. whites The vast majority of crimes are ____________. intraracial When a police officer stops a black person in a white neighborhood, this is referred to as __________. being "out of place" What was the name of the panel created to investigate the Los Angeles police department after the Rodney King beating? The Christopher Commission The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in the languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communication of different racial or ethnic groups is called _____________. cultural competence The practice of police officers stopping people because of their race or ethnicity is called _____________. Racial Profiling Police-Community Relations Relations between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities. Race A group of people classified together on the basis of physical and biological similarities. Ethnicity The cultural differences that characterize a group of people. Discrimination Differential treatment based on some extralegal category, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. Disparity Differences or inequalities that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment. Attitudes about force This refers to the many surveys about how the citizens feel about the use of force by police. Dimensions of Trust The four dimensions of trust involve priorities, competence, dependability, and respect. Procedural Justice A theory that holds that people distinguish between the outcomes and the process. Studies consistently find that people are more satisfied when an officer explains the basis for their action, even if the outcome is unfavorable. Selective Contact A lack of cross-sectional contact and communication between police officers and a community leads to misperceptions about public attitudes toward the police. Selective Perception The likelihood that police officers will remember traumatic or unpleasant incidents with citizens, even though only 2 to 5 percent of contacts involve hostility or conflict. Four Systems of Justice Gunnar Myrdal's classic study of race relations in America found four different systems of justice based on race. Fleeing-Felon Rule Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1985 (Tennessee v. Garner); allowed police the legal right to use deadly force in apprehending a felon attempting to escape. Defense-of-Life Standard States that police officers are allowed to use deadly force only in situations where their own lives or the life of another person are in danger. Police Brutality The use of excessive physical force by the police. Situational Factors Donald Black's study of arrest found that police decisions to arrest are influenced by a number of situational factors, such as strength of the evidence, seriousness of the crime, preference of the victim, victim-suspect relationship, and the demeanor of the suspect. Victim-suspect relationship The relationship between the suspect of a crime and the victim of the same crime, e.g., parent-child, spouses, neighbors, siblings, etc. Demeanor of Suspect How the suspect behaves in front of and towards the officer on the scene. Field Interrogations The officer's stopping and interviewing suspects on the street. Stereotyping Grouping large numbers of people or individuals into certain types and behaviors. Verbal Abuse The use of inappropriate language, particularly racial and ethnic slurs, by police. Cultural Competence The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in the languages, traditions, life styles, and patterns of communication of different racial or ethnic groups. Language Barriers The inability of police officers to communicate with people who do not speak English. Racial Profiling The practice of making police stops solely on the basis of someone's race or ethnicity and not because of criminal activity. Benchmark A standard or point of reference used in judging; also called a denominator. Population Data Does not indicate who is actually driving on the roads, or who is violating a traffic law. Thus, population data is not a proper benchmark for interpreting traffic-stop data. Rolling Survey Who is at risk of being stopped by police while driving? Trained observers drive on the roadway in question and observe the racial composition of drivers and the racial composition of those drivers observed to be breaking the law. It provides a valid and reliable estimate of who is actually at risk for a traffic stop on that particular roadway. Internal benchmarking It compares the performance of individual officers with peer officers (officers with similar assignments). The assumption is that officers with similar assignments should have similar work patterns.
Partnerships Developing police-community partnerships is one way to combat the problem of racial profiling in policing. Partnerships foster trust, they are a valuable avenue for two-way communication, and they can help police departments reduce the risk of engaging in unacceptable practices that might result in being sued. Employment Discrimination When racial and ethnic minority officers are underrepresented because of biased policies. Civilian Review Boards: Citizen oversight agencies that engage in active outreach programs to reach different racial and ethnic groups and handle their police complaints. Police-Community Relations Units Relations between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities. Ride-along programs Programs that allows citizens to spend a few hours riding along in a patrol car with an officer on duty. Enforcing immigration laws Traditionally these laws are federal in nature, and local police authorities have no authority to enforce them. In recent years, however, federal authorities have requested the help of local police in enforcing these laws. The 1996 Immigration Reform Act authorized this. Human Relations Training Police programs have been devoting increasingly more time to human relations training since the 1950s. No research has established a direct connection between this training and either improved police officer behavior or improved public attitudes, however. A number of experts argue that classroom training is ineffective, and the best way for officers to learn how to communicate with members of racial and ethnic groups other than their own is to engage in direct "on-the-street police behavior". Students also viewedChapter 1 quiz10 terms Davalynn Police Test 14-1596 terms ashley_nelson73 Police Test 11-13137 terms ashley_nelson73 Policing Chapter 1362 terms Berenice_Donan Sets found in the same folderChapter 11 Police discretion58 terms caitewiacek Policing Chapter 1251 terms jesus_salinas1 Police Test 11-13137 terms ashley_nelson73 Police Test 14-1596 terms ashley_nelson73 Other sets by this creatorRBT PRACTICE EXAM75 terms madden_sharrett RBT SAMPLING QUESTIONS PART IV19 terms madden_sharrett RBT SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS PART III74 terms madden_sharrett RBT TRAIING SAMPLE QUESTIONS PART II70 terms madden_sharrett Verified questionsalgebra *Evaluate the integral.* $$ \displaystyle\int_{1}^{5}\frac{2}{x}\ dx $$ Verified answer
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algebra Find the products in the below Problem $$ \left[\begin{array}{lr}-4 & 3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{r}-2 \\ 1\end{array}\right] $$ Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsAnderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume23rd EditionDavid Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene 369 solutions Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value5th EditionJack T. Marchewka 346 solutions
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The officer's decision to act or not when an option is available. In which situations can police use discretion? Non-felony arrests, traffic citations, non-fviolent/minor offenses.
What is the proper definition of discretion in criminal justice quizlet?Discretion Definition. -official action by criminal justice official based on individual's judgment about best course of action. -helpful to look at system as serious of discretionary choices. -arrest, prosecution, trial, sentencing, parole release.
Who usually exercises the most discretion quizlet?According to the text, patrol officers exercise the greatest amount of discretion. Discretion increases as one moves down the policing organizational hierarchy.
What is the first step in dealing with discretion quizlet?Davis and Goldstein argue that the first step toward controlling police discretion is: admitting that it exists.
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Which of the following are instances in which discretion may be applied Quizlet
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