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Terms in this set (130)T/F: Love is viewed as the primary reason for getting and staying married. True Loving involves the _________? The acceptance of partners for themselves(for who they are) Loving requires what two things? Empathy and commitment is characterized by a willingness to work through problems and conflicts as opposed to calling it quits when problems arise; it involves consciously investing in the relationship. Commitment What type of marriages are most likely to be satisfying and stable? Marriages between individuals with a relatively secure attachment style that take place around age twenty-five and are between partners who grew up in intact families What are some characteristics of of committed lovers? -have fun together What are three components of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love? 1. Intimacy Refers to the close, connected, and bonded feelings in a loving relationship Intimacy Refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation in a loving relationship Passion Refers to the decision to love someone and maintain that love Commitment T/F: Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love states that the three components develop at the same time. False; develop at different times What component of is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade? Passion Which component develops more slowly and which develops gradually? Intimacy; commitment All three components contribute to what kind of love? Consummate love Refers to a complete love, in which all the components of passion, intimacy, and commitment come together Consummate Love How do secure attachment style affect a relationship? They are associated with better prospects for a committed relationship How do insecure/anxious attachment styles affect relationships? They entail "fear of abandonment" with possible consequences such as jealousy or trying to control one's partner How do avoidant attachment styles affect relationships? Leads one to pass up or shun closeness or intimacy What are the 6 love styles? Eros, Storge, Pragma, Agape, Ludus, and Mania Love style characterized by intense emotional attachment and powerful sexual feelings or desires. Eros An affectionate, companionate style of loving focused on deepening mutual commitment, respect, friendship, and common goals. Storge Love style that involves rational assessment of a potential partner's assets and liabilities. Pragma Love style that emphasizes unselfish concern for the beloved's needs even when that requires personal sacrifice. Agape Love style that emphasizes enjoying many sexual partners rather than searching for a serious relationship. Ludus Love style that rests on strong sexual attraction and emotional intensity. Its partners are extremely jealous and moody, and their need for attention and affection is insatiable. Mania What are three things love isn't? Martyring, manipulating, and limerence involves maintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one's own needs while trying to satisfy those of one's partner Martyring What are some thing martyrs might do in a relationship? -reluctant to suggest what they want Means seeking to control the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of your partner or partners in underhanded ways rather than by directly stating your case Manipulating What are some things manipulators might do in a relationship? - Ask others to do something that they
could do. Characterized by little, if any, concern for the well-being of the said object and fantasize about being with the said object in all kinds of situations Limerance T/F Limerance, more often than not, can turn into genuine love. False; it can turn into genuine love but usually it doesn't. T/F Positive attitudes about the relationship, coupled with realistically positive assessments of a spouse's personality traits are important to marital stability. True T/F Supportive interaction results in less marital satisfaction. False; it results in greater marital satisfaction. How can you minimize the risk in mate selection? - Let go of misconceptions How does the marriage market idea view marriage? Individuals enter the market armed with resources—personal and social characteristics—and then bargain for the best "buy" that they can get. T/F Arranged marriages are uncommon in Europe, Asia, and Africa. False; they are common in less westernized parts of these countries What are couples in an arranged marriage expected to do? Develop a loving relationship after the marriage. T/F A study that compared marital satisfaction among arranged marriages in India to those more freely chosen in the United States found significant differences in marital satisfaction between the two groups. False; there were no differences found Culture where people choose their own mates, although typically they seek parents' and other family members' support for their decision. Free-choice culture T/F The United States is an example of a free-choice culture True Marriage where families and community do the bargaining, based on assets such as status, possessions, and dowry. Arranged Marriage Free-choice marriage differs from arranged marriage in that they bargain ________________ instead of possessions, dowry, and status. Costs and benefits of personal characteristics, economic status, and education. Where do the ideas of bargaining, market, and resources used to describe relationships come to us from? Exchange theory How does social exchange theory say that individuals choose a relationship? They pick the relationship that is most rewarding or least costly. In romantic relationship what are some examples of resources and costly attributes? - beauty, personality, status, skills, maturity, intellect, originality, etc How does the Traditional exchange view marriage? Women trade their ability to bear children and perform domestic duties, along with sexual accessibility and attractiveness, for a man's protection, status, and support. T/F Both women and men can experience gender related disadvantages in the traditional exchange True How does assortative mating view the process of picking a spouse? Individuals gradually filter those whom they think would not make the best spouse. The idea that people tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class. Homogamy Marrying within one's social group Endogamy Marrying outside one's social group Exogamy Marrying someone dissimilar in race, age, education, religion, or social class. Heterogamy A group of individuals who, by background or birth, are considered most likely to make compatible marriage partners Pool of Eligibles What are reasons why people pursue homogamy? Geographic availability and social pressure. When did the US Supreme Court declare that interracial marriages are legally valid in all states? June 1967 What two factors measure marital success? Stability and the happiness of partners T/F: Some unhappy spouses remain married and some separate True T/F: Social scientists find that marriages that are homogamous in age, education, religion, and race are the most unstable. False; most stable T/F: One study found lower relationship satisfaction compared to same-race couples False; higher T/F: Regardless of differences in race or ethnicity, uncommon values and lifestyles contribute to relationship stability False; common values and lifestyles T/F: Polls show Americans becoming less disapproving of interracial dating and marriage. True Between __________ percent of Jewish, Catholic, Mormon, Muslim, and a higher percentage of Protestant adults and children live in interfaith or interdenominational households 30-40 T/F: One study found strong religious beliefs are associated with more couple conflict. False; less couple conflict T/F: Shared religiosity gave them a commitment to permanence, coupled with a willingness to forgive the spouse when conflicts emerged. True T/F: Marriages that are heterogamous are more likely to be stable because partners are more likely to share the same values and attitudes when they come from similar backgrounds. False; homogamous T/F: Young people today "meander toward marriage," feeling that they'll be ready to marry when they reach their late twenties or so. True T/F: Young adults express need to explore as many options as possible before settling down. True The traditional dating script was facilitated by widespread access to the _____________. Automobile Both men and women in the study said that a typical date involved what three things? 1) initiation
From an interaction constructionist perspective, qualitative research with serious dating couples shows that they pass through a series of what? Fairly predictable stages According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. What are they? Rapport A stage of love where feelings rest on mutual trust and respect Rapport Stage of love that involves gradually sharing intimate information about oneself Self-revelation Stage of love where two people desire to spend more time together and thereby develop interdependence
Mutual dependency Stage of love where a couple develops emotional exchange and support; they satisfy a majority of each other's emotional needs Needs fulfillment Dating violent begins with what? Verbal or psychological abuse When does dating violence tend to occur? Over jealousy, refusal of sex, illegal drug use/excessive drinking, or disagreement about drinking behavior What are six indicators of dating violence? 1.Handles ordinary disagreements with inappropriate anger or rage According to the exchange perspective, couples choose to stay committed or to break up by doing what? Weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs. T/F: The proportion of Americans age 18 and over who are married has increased significantly False; declined The proportion of Americans age 18 and over who are married has declined from _______ percent in 1960 to between ________ percent in 2010. 72%; 51-56% T/F: People are amore likely to be younger at age of first marriage. False; older What two major reasons account for the decline in marriage of people who are 18 and over? -economic conditions Why are weddings public events? Because we see marriage as a social institution T/F: In the United States today, marriage seldom involves merging two families' properties. True What are the three subculture norms contrary to sexual exclusivity? Polygamy: having more than 1 spouse T/F: Polygamy has been legal in the United States since 1878 False; illegal T/F: Some dissident Mormons follow the traditional teachings and take multiple wives. True Refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually love others in addition to their spouse Polyamory Is a marriage arrangement in which couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex. Swinging What is the difference between individualism and collectivism in terms of marriage? -In individualistic societies, one's own self-actualization and interests are a valid concern. With regard to marriage, an emergent individualist orientation resulted in three interrelated developments 1.The authority of kin and extended family weakened. (decisions are up to married couple not outside family). T/F: In Western societies, kinship authority is weak. True Sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in the American kinship system was not based on extended family ties but of "interlock conjugal families" where married people are members of what? Family of orientation (the family they grew up in) and their family of procreation (the one formed by marrying and having children) Arranged marriage has characterized ___________ societies. Collectivist T/F: It is only recently that love has become associated with marriage, especially with the newly developing middle classes. True A situation in which time-honored family definitions and social norms count for far less than in the past Deinstitutionalization of Marriage Marriages have shifted from institutional to what? To compassionate to individualized A social institution based on dutiful adherence to the time honored marriage premise, particularly the norm of permanence Institutional marriage
What are institutional marriages organized around? economic production, kinship network, community connections, the father's authority, and marriage as a functional partnership Says that couples are "yoked" together by high expectations for permanence, bolstered by the strong social control of extended kin and community Institutional Marriage Bond Couples are bound together by companionship, coupled with a gendered division of labor, pride in performing spousal and parenting roles, and hopes for "the American dream"—a home of their own and a comfortable domestic life together. The Companionate Marriage Bond What are the four interrelated characteristics that distinguish individualized marriage?
1.It is optional. Spouses remain together because they find self actualization, intimacy, and expressively communicated emotional support in their unions The Individualized Marriage Bond How does the decline view see individualized marriage? -caused moral weakening and self-indulgence How does the change view see individualized marriage? They see the deinstitutionalization of marriage as resulting from inevitable social
change. What were the 8 consequences of married spouses that Linda Waite found? 1.Had greater wealth and assets. What did Waite find about children in married families? -Were about half as likely to drop out of high school. Posits that many of the benefits associated with marriage are due to the personal characteristics of those who choose to marry. Selection Hypothesis Holds that the experience of being married itself causes these benefits. Experience Hypothesis T/F: The proportion of children under 18 living with two married parents inclined steadily over the past 40 years. False; Declined T/F: Considerable research supports the overall conclusion that growing up with married parents is better. True T/F: African Americans are more likely to be wed than are other U.S. racial/ethnic groups. False; less likely How do policy advocates view poverty from a change perspective View poverty as causing environments with negative consequences How do policy advocates view poverty from a decline perspective concerned
about "family breakdown" which includes the amount of money spent on "welfare for poverty-level single mothers, along with the irresponsible socialization of children" A type of legal marriage in which partners agree to be bound by a marriage "covenant" Covenant marriage What three states have enacted covenant marriage laws? Louisiana, Arizona, and Arkansas The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) has what goals? 1.End the dependence of parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage.
Introduced by President Bush in 2004, states were allotted funds to create these, characterized by workshops on listening, communication, and problem-solving skills, as well as presentations on the value of marriage. Healthy Marriage Initiative What did the healthy marriage initiative produce? Short-term improvements in communication and problem solving. What are the criticisms of the healthy marriage initiative? 1.Many low-income Americans value marriage, but marriage is a difficult goal to achieve. T/F Children comprise 36% of the poor. True What are reasons husbands and wives say they are "very happy?" - Economy of scale Median age at first marriage today is about ___ for women and _____ for men 26; 28 T/F Odds of marital stability increase with age at marriage. True T/F Marriages occurring today, when spouses are between ages of 22 and 25, are most likely to be not only stable but also happy. True T/F Spouses who first married after age 30 reported higher marital satisfaction. False; lower T/F First years of marriage tend to be the happiest, with gradual declines in marital satisfaction afterward. True What are three main, potentially problematic topics for couples in first marriages? -
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