Which area of psychology integrates science and theory prevent and treat psychological disorders?

Presentation on theme: "THERAPIES Chapter 16. I. APPROACHES TO TREATING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Clinical psychology Integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological."— Presentation transcript:

1 THERAPIES Chapter 16

2 I. APPROACHES TO TREATING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Clinical psychology Integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists use psychotherapy. Psychotherapy A non medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. Strategies include: talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, and modeling. Biological therapies (biomedical therapies) – specific treatments Treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning; typically medications.

3 The Psychological Approach to Therapy, 534-535 Mental Health Professionals – Degree, Education, Focus of training Clinical Psychologists Psychiatrist Counseling Psychologist School Psychologist Social Worker Psychiatric Nurse Occupational Therapist Pastoral Counselor Counselor The Biological Approach to Therapy Required to have an MD (Medical Doctor) Diagnostic therapies Treatment Comprehensive understanding of drug therapies Practice psychotherapy Prescribe medications

4 II. PSYCHOTHERAPY Therapeutic Alliance- important element of successful psychotherapy Working relationship between therapist and client Therapists style and clients personality can influence effectiveness Quality of the clients participant most important determinant Trust Respect Cooperation

5 PSYCHOTHERAPY Insight vs Skill development and Symptom Focus on gaining insight into deeper causes of a problem Or, focus on person’s immediate symptoms or helping them develop skills to manage those symptoms. Directive vs Non-directive Therapist can be called upon to give direct advice to client. Therapist plays an active role in client’s life Or, they prompt the client to drive the interaction (therapist has less active role in treatment

6 Effectiveness of Psychotherapy All therapies are “winners”. Factors in Successful Psychotherapy therapeutic alliance (monitored) therapist expertise & personality client active engagement Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-6

7 THERAPIES and APPROACHES Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Therapy Integrations

8 Psychodynamic Therapies Freudian Psychoanalysis – a therapeutic technique for analyzing a client’s unconscious thoughts. Focus is on prior childhood experiences to gain “insight into unconscious conflicts that are thought to underlie patient’s progress. Fixation in a psychosexual stage of development free association (free-flowing) Interpretation (therapist oriented) dream analysis (symbolism, unconscious desires/fears) transference( (client may relate to therapist as a parent/lover) Resistance (avoidance) Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies Focus on conscious mind and into client’s current relationships Less emphasis on sexual conflicts Help client develop their “own” story of her/his experience Emphasis on client meaning without therapists “labels” Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-8

9 Humanistic Therapies Emphasis of this Approach Conscious thoughts Self healing Self-fulfillment Focus on presence not past experiences Goals of Therapy Self understanding Personal growth Use of reflective speech Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-9

10 Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy Nondirective self-Exploration Warm, Supportive Atmosphere active listening and reflective speech Acknowledgment of feelings/mirroring feelings back to client unconditional positive regard Recognition of inherent value of the client, providing a Context for personal growth and self-acceptance empathy and genuineness Therapists attempts to feel what client is feeling, therapist is a real participant in this relationship Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-10

11 Behavior Therapies Use the principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior. Behavior therapists assume that overt symptoms are the central problem and that even if clients discover why they are depressed (for example), that does not meant the depression will cease. To alleviate anxiety or depression, focus is on eliminating the problematic symptoms or behaviors rather then helping client understand why. Current approaches include social cognitive theory including observational learning, cognitive factors and self-instruction.

12 Behavior Therapies Emphasis of this Approach overt behavior change rather than insights into self or into underlying causes Goals of Therapy reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors Classical and Operant Conditioning Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-12

13 Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Techniques Treating Phobias Systematic Desensitization Develop hierarchy of fearful scenes Learn relaxation techniques Apply relaxation while imagining fearful scenes Exposure therapy Graded (gradual) Hierarchy of fears Flooding Intense exposure without allowing avoidance Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-13

14 Aversive Conditioning Nauseating Drug (Stimulus) Nausea (Response) Alcohol (Stimulus 2) UCR CRCS NS UCS No Response Unlearned Reflex Repeatedly Paired Learned Association Innate S-R Association Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Acquisition/Learning Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

15 Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Techniques… unlearning of maladaptive behavior (e.g., OCD) through altered consequences. Applied Behavior Analysis positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors Appropriate behaviors rewards, behavior modification extinguish maladaptive behaviors does not depend on gaining insight Effective with individuals with limited cognitive abilities and patients with ASD. Behavioral intervention incorporates learning concepts of reinforcement, shaping and discrimination (comprehending the difference between) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-15

16 Cognitive Therapies CBT – Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, p. 544-545 An important component of CBT is “self-efficacy” The belief that an individual can master a situation and produce positive outcomes (Bandura) Engaging in adaptive behaviors, then success become intrinsically motivating CBT is the most effective form of therapy used today. Effective treating: Anxiety disorders Mood (depressive) disorders Schizophrenia (in combination with drug treatments) Personality disorders

17 Cognitive Therapies Emphasis of this Approach thoughts (cognitions) are the primary source of psychological problems how we think controls how we feel focus on overt problems (unlike Freud) structured analysis and specific guidance (unlike Rogers) Goals of Therapy cognitive restructuring Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-17

18 Cognitive Therapies Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy irrational and self-defeating beliefs eliminate beliefs through rational examination directive, persuasive, confrontational Beck’s Cognitive Therapy illogical automatic negative thoughts identify and challenge automatic thoughts reflective, open-ended dialogue, less directive Both are more effective in treating depression than drugs. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-18

19 Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Albert Bandura and Self Efficacy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy self-defeating thoughts incorporates behavior therapy self-instructional methods Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-19

20 Therapy Integrations Many therapists today identify themselves as “eclectic” or “integrative” Integrative therapies Review pages 544 – 545 to comprehend the comparison of the four psychotherapies Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavior Cognitive For example: a therapist may use a behavioral approach to treat someone with panic disorder and a cognitive approach to treat that same client with depressive disorder.

21 Therapy Integrations Techniques from different therapies are combined for the benefit of the client DBT – Dialectical Behavior Therapy DBT assumes that early childhood experiences are important to the development of BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder). BPD involves emotional instability, impulsivity and self-harming behaviors. Therefore, techniques implemented could be: Homework assignments Cognitive interventions Intensive individual therapy Group sessions (mindfulness training, interpersonal skills) Another integrative method is to combine psychotherapy with drug therapy. Very effective in treating anxiety and depressive disorders. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-21

22 III. Biological Therapies Reduce/eliminate symptoms by altering body functioning Common Forms of Biological Therapy drug therapy electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) psychosurgery Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-22

23 Drug Therapy Antianxiety Drugs benzodiazepines Buspirone short term effectiveness prone to tolerance Bipolar Disorder lithium majority improve substantially toxicity reactions Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-23

24 Antidepressant Drugs tricyclics tetracyclics monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) majority improve moderately risk of multiple significant side effects Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-24

25 Antidepressant Drugs tricyclics tetracyclics monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Risks of Antidepressants for Children FDA hearings on risk of suicide (2004) “Black Box” warning Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-25

26 Drug Therapy Antipsychotic Drugs Neuroleptics tardive dyskinesia atypical antipsychotic medications toxicity to white blood cells Majority show partial improvement. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-26

27 Biological Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy small electric current produces a brief seizure used to treat major depressive disorder which has not responded to other treatments deep brain stimulation Psychosurgery prefrontal lobotomies Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-27

28 Sociocultural Approaches Emphasis influence of various social/cultural factors Approaches to Therapy group therapy family and couples therapy self-help support groups community mental health Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-28

29 Sociocultural Approaches Group Therapy group shares disorder professional facilitates Family and Couples Therapy symptoms are a function of relationships therapeutic techniques validation reframing structural change detriangulation Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-29

30 Sociocultural Approaches Self-Help Support Groups conducted by paraprofessionals Community Mental Health deinstitutionalization (rise in homelessness) prevention empowerment Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-30

31 Sociocultural Approaches Cultural Perspectives individualistic v. collectivistic cultures ethnicity match between client and therapist gender balance between independence and relatedness feminist therapies Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-31

32 Health and Wellness stress reduction in cancer patients reduces physical health risks in those who are depressed not only reduces symptoms, but enhances psychological wellness well-being therapy short-term, problem-focused, directive notice and celebrate positive experiences Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-32

33 Chapter Review Describe approaches to treating psychological disorders. Define psychotherapy and characterize four types of psychotherapy. Describe the biological therapies. Explain the sociocultural approaches and issues in treatment. Discuss therapy's larger implications for health and wellness and characterize the client's role in therapeutic success. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16-33

Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment?

What name is given to the field that applies psychological principles to the prevention and treatment of physical illness?

What is the therapist who a medical doctor can perform biological therapies they treat major disorders?

What is a non medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems?