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Signed in but can't access contentOxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Institutional account managementFor librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Consent to treatment means a person must give permission before they receive any type of medical treatment, test or examination. This must be done on the basis of an explanation by a clinician. Consent from a patient is needed regardless of the procedure, whether it's a physical examination, organ
donation or something else. The principle of consent is an important part of medical ethics and international human rights law. For consent to be valid, it must be voluntary and informed, and the person consenting must have the capacity to make the decision. The meaning of these terms are:
If an adult has the capacity to make a voluntary and informed decision to consent to or refuse a particular treatment, their decision must be respected. This is still the case even if refusing treatment would result in their death, or the death of their unborn child. If a person does not have the capacity to make a decision about their treatment and they have not appointed a lasting power of attorney (LPA), the healthcare professionals treating them can go ahead and give treatment if they believe it's in the person's best interests. But clinicians must take reasonable steps to discuss the situation with the person's friends or relatives before making these decisions. Read more about assessing the capacity to consent, which explains what someone can do if they know their capacity to consent may be affected in the future. How consent is givenConsent can be given:
Someone could also give non-verbal consent, as long as they understand the treatment or examination about to take place – for example, holding out an arm for a blood test. Consent should be given to the healthcare professional responsible for the person's treatment. This could be a:
If someone's going to have a major procedure, such as an operation, their consent should be secured well in advance so they have plenty of time to understand the procedure and ask questions. If they change their mind at any point before the procedure, they're entitled to withdraw their previous consent. Consent from children and young peopleIf they're able to, consent is usually given by patients themselves. But someone with parental responsibility may need to give consent for a child up to the age of 16 to have treatment. Find out more about how the rules of consent apply to children and young people When consent is not neededThere are a few exceptions when treatment may be able to go ahead without the person's consent, even if they're capable of giving their permission. It may not be necessary to obtain consent if a person:
Consent and life supportA person may be being kept alive with supportive treatments, such as lung ventilation, without having made an advance decision, which outlines the care they'd refuse to receive. In these cases, a decision about continuing or stopping treatment needs to be made based on what that person's best interests are believed to be. To help reach a decision, healthcare professionals should discuss the issue with the relatives and friends of the person receiving the treatment. They should consider:
Treatment can be stopped if there's an agreement that continuing treatment is not in the person's best interests. The case will be referred to the courts before further action is taken if:
It's important to note the difference between stopping a person's life support and taking a deliberate action to make them die. For example, injecting a lethal medicine would be illegal. ComplaintsIf you believe you have received treatment you did not consent to, you can make an official complaint. Find out more about how to make a complaint Page last reviewed: 29 March 2019 What should occur if the patient Cannot give informed consent?What should occur if the patient cannot give informed consent? If the patient is determined to be incapacitated/incompetent to make health care decisions, a surrogate decision maker must speak for her. There is a specific hierarchy of appropriate decision makers defined by state law (also see the DNR topic page).
What can you do if a client refuses to give informed consent?Competent patients have the right to not consent, or to refuse treatment. If one of your patients refuses to sign a consent form, do not proceed without further attempting to obtain the consent.
What are the criteria for a patient to be able to give consent?the patient giving consent must have capacity • the consent must be freely given • the consent must be sufficiently specific to the procedure or treatment proposed • the consent must be informed. The four criteria for a valid consent must be met irrespective of whether the consent is in writing or oral.
What are the four types of consent?Types of consent include implied consent, express consent, informed consent and unanimous consent.
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