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journal article Ties that count: explaining interest group access to policymakersJournal of Public Policy Vol. 34, No. 1 (April 2014) , pp. 93-121 (29 pages) Published By: Cambridge University Press https://www.jstor.org/stable/43864455 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Purchase article $34.00 - Download now and later Abstract The degree to which interest groups gain access to policymakers has often been explained by focusing on the exchange of resources in a dyadic relation between interest groups and policymakers. This article argues that the position an interest group occupies within a coalition and the relations it has outside its coalition substantially affect the likelihood of gaining access to policymakers. Our empirical focus is on the Dutch interest group system for which we examine how coalitions among groups and the network position of interest groups within and between such coalitions shape access. The analysis, based on data collected among 107 Dutch interest groups and 28 policymakers, leads to the conclusion that network positions count differently for elected and non-elected officials, and that network ties that bridge different coalitions add significant explanatory leverage to resource-based explanations of access. Journal Information The Journal of Public Policy applies social science theories and concepts to significant political, economic and social issues and to the ways in which public policies are made. Its articles deal with topics of concern to public policy scholars in America, Europe, Japan and other advanced industrial nations. The journal often publishes articles that cut across disciplines, such as environmental issues, international political economy, regulatory policy and European Union processes. Publisher Information Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the world’s leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Question #1 Which of the following statements about interest groups is most accurate? A. Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far more organized interest groups than other countries. B. Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far more organized interest groups than other countries. C. Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries. D. Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries. Question #2 Public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that A. they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests. B. unlike other interest groups, their status is like that of a charity, not a political organization. C. they were the first political associations to use the strategy of direct mailing. D. they were the first group to abandon lobbying and take up only grassroots activism. Question #3 Labor groups represent ________ of the total number of interest groups registered to lobby in Washington. A. 33% B. 25% C. more than 50% D. less than 1% Question #4 The Christian Coalition is a(n) ________ group. A. professional B. business C. ideological D. labor Question #5 The Christian Coalition and National Taxpayers Union are examples of A. think tanks. B. ideological groups. C. labor. D. professional associations. Question #6 Pluralism means A. that the public good should always trump individual interests. B. that all interest groups are guaranteed political equality. C. interest groups are factions that endanger liberty. D. interest groups should be free to compete for governmental influence. Question #7 The homeless and the poor are not currently organized because A. they lack the resources, money, time, and skills required for organization. B. they lack the pluralist vision and interest in policy outcomes required for organization. C. they lack interest in job programs or in affordable housing required for organization. D. they lack interest in organization and in policy outcomes. Question #8 A selective benefit of group membership that emphasizes friendship, networking, and consciousness raising is called a A. material benefit. B. international benefit. C. solidarity benefit. D. collective good. Question #9 You’ve joined an interest group primarily for the discount card members get in for traveling. Which benefits are you interested in deriving from participation in the group? A. material benefit B. international benefits C. purposive benefit D. informational benefits Question #10 The solidary benefits of interest groups include A. special services and goods. B. friendship and consciousness raising. C. information and money. D. professional accreditation. Question #11 When membership in an organization allows for a reduction in the price of museum tickets, it is an example of a A. purposive benefit. B. material benefit. C. promotion offer. D. solidary benefit. Question #12 A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on government officials is called A. an outside strategy. B. institutional advertising. C. lobbying. D. a ballot initiative. Question #13 When proposed laws gain a certain number of signatures and end up on a general election ballot for citizens to vote on, this is called a(n) A. PAC. B. issue network. C. iron triangle. D. ballot initiative. Question #14 Lobbying is A. an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature. B. the act of working on a re-election campaign. C. an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through phone calls or emails, on members of Congress or a state legislature. D. an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or a state legislature. Question #15 In which activity are most interest groups more likely to invest? A. electoral politics B. lobbying C. litigation D. protesting Question #16 The Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990 was designed to A. encourage administrative agencies to engage in direct and open negotiations with affected interests when developing new regulations. B. forbid lobbying of administrative agencies. C. reduce the number of lawsuits by encouraging interest groups to solve conflicts with administrative agencies through mediation. D. eliminate iron triangles. Question #17 In an iron triangle, the interest group A. provides campaign contributions to members of Congress and lobbies for larger administrative agency budgets. B. is legally excluded from any interactions with congressional committees and administrative agencies. C. files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents. D. organizes grassroots mobilizations against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents. Question #18 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was a Supreme Court case pursued as part of the ________’s strategy of litigation. A. American Civil Liberties Union B. Human Rights Campaign C. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) D. Congress of Racial Equality Question #19 The ________ regularly uses litigation to challenge state and federal laws that restrict the rights of individuals and groups. A. New Politics movement B. American Civil Liberties Union C. Department of Justice D. Tea Party Question #20 A grassroots mobilization occurs when A. an interest group mobilizes its members throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group’s position. B. an interest group buys advertisements in newspapers around the country in order to publicize an issue. C. interest groups organize to support a dark-horse presidential candidate. D. a spontaneous show of political support for a particular position manifests itself. Question #21 The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 A. limited PAC donations to $10,000. B. prohibited any political activity from 527 committees. C. did not restrict PACs in any significant way. D. banned PACs. Question #22 Which of the following is a use of electoral politics by an influence group? A. using material benefits to expand group numbers B. setting up a Super PAC and donating to campaigns C. lobbying a member of a regulatory agency D. litigation Question #23 Advertisements and marches are best categorized as a way to A. pursue litigation. B. lobby officials. C. mobilize public opinion. D. conduct partisan politics. Question #24 The large number of members in the AARP is important because it A. is a resource that contributes to the group’s effectiveness. B. reduces the amount of resources the group can acquire. C. limits the ability of the group to influence policy. D. creates a lack of talent in the recruitment of new members. Question #25 ________ was an important Washington lobbyist who was indicted in 2005 on charges of violating federal lobbying laws. A. Paul Wolfowitz B. Jack Abramoff C. Valerie Plame D. Karl Rove Question #26 What advantage does the American Beverage Association or the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers have over other types of interest groups? A. more grassroots members B. less need for lobbyists C. more public funding for their activities D. more financial resources Question #27 The Teamsters and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) are examples of ________ groups. A. business B. public interest C. ideological D. labor Question #28 Nearly half of the groups with lobbying offices in Washington are A. labor groups. B. businesses and corporations. C. public-sector groups. D. ideological groups. Question #29 The Sierra Club is a(n) ________ group. A. labor B. business C. ideological D. public interest Question #30 The Heritage Foundation and Human Rights Watch are best categorized as A. citizen groups. B. public interest groups. C. government groups. D. think tanks Question #31 The poor and the homeless are two examples of ________ interest groups. A. potential B. public C. grassroots D. citizen Question #32 Members of interest groups in the United States are typically people A. who work in manual labor and unskilled occupations. B. who identify as Democrats. C. with higher levels of income and education. D. from the lower socioeconomic levels. Question #33 In order to overcome the ________ problem, interest groups often provide ________ to their members. A. principal-agent; selective benefits B. free-rider; collective goods C. principal-agent; collective goods D. free-rider; selective benefits Question #34 A professor is a member of a professional organization and is mostly interested in the newsletters sent and in participating in conferences. Which benefit is the professor primarily seeking? A. international benefits B. purposive benefits C. informational benefits D. material benefits Question #35 The free-rider problem occurs because A. the benefits of a group’s actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers. B. the benefits of a group’s actions are available only to a specific segment of society. C. members of Congress are presented with many opportunities to amend a piece of legislation. D. members of Congress listen only to organized interest groups and not to public-opinion polls. Question #36 A ________ is the best example of an informational benefit provided by many interest groups. A. health insurance program B. consciousness-raising workshop C. free T-shirt D. newsletter Question #37 A. a network of interest groups and elected officials that seek to reform a set of policies on a diverse set of issues B. a network of individuals seeking to improve the environment that is made up of governors, environmental activists, climate change interest groups C. a network that attempts to raise a great deal of money from corporations, unions, and individuals to fund election candidates D. a network of individuals from various business groups and interest groups, each representing different issues E. Question #38 Which of the following is an “outsider” strategy? A. litigating a case in court B. lobbying the executive branch C. lobbying Congress D. protesting at the White House Question #39 The practice of lobbying is fundamentally protected by A. a 1961 Supreme Court decision. B. the First Amendment. C. internal rules of Congress. D. state and federal laws dating from the 1930s. Question #40 The Administrative Procedure Act A. allows former agency officials to work for the industries they had regulated within six months of leaving government service. B. C. permits interest groups to spend an unlimited amount of money on issue advocacy during a campaign. D. requires agencies to create opportunities for public comments before implementing new rules and regulations. E. extends First Amendment protection to interest groups trying to lobby executive agencies. Question #41 An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between A. a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency. B. a legislative committee, an executive agency, and the federal courts. C. the federal courts, the state courts, and interest groups. D. the media, a legislative committee, and the federal courts. E. Question #42 In an iron triangle, the congressional committee A. supports the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors. B. is legally excluded from any interactions with interest groups and administrative agencies. C. files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and interest groups. D. opposes the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.q Question #43 Interest groups use litigation as a strategy of influence by A. directly lobbying judges, using direct-mail solicitations, and making campaign contributions to members of Congress. B. C. engaging in institutional advertising, activating issue networks, and directly lobbying judges. D. working with 527 committees, directly lobbying judges, and engaging in institutional advertising. E. filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group. Question #44 ________ is a strategy that attempts to mobilize the widest and most favorable climate of opinion. A. Litigation B. Creating a “war room” C. Going public D. Creating an iron triangle Question #45 In the 2019–20 election cycle, individuals could contribute no more than ________ to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election. A. $2,800 B. $7,500 C. $1,000 D. $5,000 Question #46 The Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) was significant because it A. prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money 527s and Super PACs could contribute. B. dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns. C. prohibited 527s and Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute. D. dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns. Question #47 What distinguishes lobbying from other strategies of influence? A. Lobbying is the only form of influence that has explicit First Amendment protection from regulation. B. Lobbying is the least expensive and the most democratic strategy of influencing government. C. Lobbying involves advertising in order to create a positive image of an organization. D. Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves. Question #48 The primary function of a PAC is to A. build better networks between interest groups and political parties. B. raise grassroots support for a particular interest. C. produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign. D. raise and distribute money to election campaigns. Question #49 AARP (formerly the American Associate of Retired Persons) has approximately ________ members today. A. $40,000 B. 4 million C. 40 million D. 400,000 Question #50 Which of the following groups is likely to have the most influence on government? A. the homeless and the poor B. citizen groups C. government groups D. corporate and professional groups Question #51 Congress has passed legislation that A. lifted all limits on the number of gifts lobbyists could give members of Congress. B. eliminated the requirement that lobbyists register with Congress. C. banned the practice of lobbyists giving members of Congress an honorarium for giving speeches. D. allowed businesses to deduct lobbying costs as a business expense. Question #52 According to the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and its amendments A. political action committees can contribute $500,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election. B. each candidate or campaign committee is required to itemize the full name and address, occupation, and principal business of each person who contributes more than $200. C. individuals may contribute up $15,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election. D. unrestricted “soft money” donations to the national political parties would be eliminated. Question #53 A political action committee (PAC) can contribute ________ to any candidate for federal office, provided it contributes to at least five different federal candidates each year. A. $500,000 B. $500 C. $5,000 D. $50,000 Question #54 A loose, informal relationship of public officials, interest groups, and activists who are all concerned with the same policies is called A. the New Politics movement. B. a membership association. C. an iron triangle. D. an issue network. Question #55 What is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials? A. money B. campaign workers C. information D. legal assistance Question #56 Actor and activist, Jane Fonda, organized a set of protests known as “Fire Drill Fridays” to bring attention to the issue of climate change. Groups use protests because A. it is the most conventional form of participation. B. they are primary interested in material benefits. C. they are an effective use of insider strategies. D. these types of “outsider” strategies can be quite effective. Question #57 A national park, which everyone can use, is a good example of a A. solidary benefit. B. material benefit. C. collective good. D. purposive benefit. Question #58 A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a A. solidary benefit. B. collective good. C. free rider. D. purposive benefit. Question #59 A group of people join a group to combat climate change, organized around the idea of improving the environment. The group members are in pursuit of a goal that is important to them. Which benefit is more closely associated with membership in this group? A. material benefits B. informational benefits C. solidarity benefits D. purposive benefits Question #60 Selective benefits are A. government programs that provide tax cuts for people at the top of the income distribution. B. government programs that distribute food, housing, or monetary assistance to people who make less than a predetermined amount of money each year. C. incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations. D. incentives that interest groups distribute to people who do not belong to their organizations in order to win public support for their causes. Need help with your exam preparation?Which of the following is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials quizlet?What is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials? stakeholders. mobilizing public opinion.
What is the most important thing lobbyists can provide legislators?They provide history, context, and perspective on key issues. Experienced lobbyists can help lawmakers analyze the merits of an idea before it makes its way into the process and can sometimes forecast the success or failure of a bill based on legislation or circumstances that have come before it.
What is the most important part of a lobbyists job?One of the most important tasks of any lobbyist is to influence public opinions as well as the opinions of those in a position to make and change the laws.
What benefit can lobbyists Offer elected officials quizlet?What benefit can lobbyists offer elected officials? Lobbyists can help elected officials win reelection.
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What is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyist provide government officials?
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