What is the conflict those in late adulthood are trying to resolve according to Erikson?

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when older adults come to terms with their lives and feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements.

eighth and final stage of Erikson's model of development in which the goal is to develop a sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets, the final completion of the ego.

The negative outcome of this stage, despair, occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity. Without another chance, the despairing person is overwhelmed with bitterness, defeat, and hopelessness. According to Erikson, these attitudes are often expressed as anger and contempt for others, which disguise contempt for oneself.

the aid gained through interacting with others.

In late adulthood, social support continues to reduce stress, thereby promoting physical health, psychological well-being, and longevity. Usually, older adults receive informal assistance with tasks of daily living from family members—first from their spouse or, if none exists, from children and then from siblings.

Nevertheless, many older people place such high value on independence that they do not want extensive help from others close to them unless they can reciprocate. When assistance is excessive or cannot be returned, it often interferes with self-efficacy and amplifies psychological stress. Perhaps for this reason, adult children express a deeper sense of obligation toward their aging parents than their parents expect from them.

Overall, for social support to foster well-being, older adults must take personal control of it. Help that is not wanted or needed or that exaggerates weaknesses results in poor person-environment fit, undermines mental health, and—if existing skills fall into disuse—accelerates physical disability. In contrast, help that increases autonomy—that frees up energy for endeavors that are personally satisfying and that lead to growth—enhances quality of life. These findings clarify why perceived social support (older adults' sense of being able to count on family or friends in times of need) is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities, whereas sheer amount of help family and friends provide has little impact.

Physical abuse: Intentional infliction of pain, discomfort, or injury, through hitting, cutting, burning, physical force, restraint, or other physically aggressive acts

Physical neglect: Intentional or unintentional failure to fulfill caregiving obligations, resulting in lack of food, medication, or health services or in the older person being left alone or isolated

Emotional abuse: Verbal assaults (such as name calling), humiliation (being treated as a child), and intimidation (threats of isolation or placement in a nursing home)

Sexual abuse: Unwanted sexual contact of any kind

Financial abuse: Illegal or improper exploitation of the aging person's property or financial resources, through theft or use without consent

Dependency of Victims: When other conditions are ripe for maltreatment, older people who are frail or severely disabled are at greater risk because they are least able to protect themselves.

Dependency of Perpetrators: Within late-life parent-child relationships especially, abusers are often dependent, financially or emotionally, on their victims. This dependency, experienced as powerlessness, can lead to aggressive, exploitative behavior.

Psychological Disturbance and Other Traits of Perpetrators: Salient factors underlying the dependency of abusive adult children are mental illness and alcohol or other drug addictions.

History of Family Violence: Elder abuse by family members is often part of a long history of family violence.

Institutional Conditions: Elder maltreatment is more likely to occur in nursing homes that are rundown and overcrowded and that have staff shortages, minimal staff supervision, high staff turnover, and few visitors

maintaining one's physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with life as one gets older.

Aging in which gains are maximized and losses minimized, enabling realization of individual potential.

From this vantage point, optimal aging might be a better descriptor than the commonly used term successful aging. Optimal aging reflects the reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcomes but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses.

People age well when their growth, vitality, and strivings limit and, at times, overcome physical, cognitive, and social declines.

Perspectives on successful aging have turned away from specific achievements toward processes people use to reach personally valued goals.

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