True/false: when a piece of data is read from a file, it is copied from the file into the program.

The static method

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2 defines a new property directly on an object, or modifies an existing property on an object, and returns the object.

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

When a piece of data is read from a file?
What happens when a piece of data is written to a file?
What is the process of retrieving data from a file called?
What is a file's read position where is the read position when a file is first opened for reading?

Object.defineProperty(obj, prop, descriptor)

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

The object on which to define the property.

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

The name or

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

5 of the property to be defined or modified.

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

The descriptor for the property being defined or modified.

The object that was passed to the function.

This method allows a precise addition to or modification of a property on an object. Normal property addition through assignment creates properties which show up during property enumeration (

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

7 loop or

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

8 method), whose values may be changed, and which may be deleted. This method allows these extra details to be changed from their defaults. By default, properties added using

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2 are not writable, not enumerable, and not configurable.

Property descriptors present in objects come in two main flavors: data descriptors and accessor descriptors. A data descriptor is a property that has a value, which may or may not be writable. An accessor descriptor is a property described by a getter-setter pair of functions. A descriptor must be one of these two flavors; it cannot be both.

Both data and accessor descriptors are objects. They share the following optional keys (please note: the defaults mentioned here are in the case of defining properties using

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2):

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

when this is set to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

the type of this property cannot be changed between data property and accessor property, and
the property may not be deleted, and

other attributes of its descriptor cannot be changed (however, if it's a data descriptor with

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

3, the

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 can be changed, and

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 can be changed to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2).

Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9 if and only if this property shows up during enumeration of the properties on the corresponding object. Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

A data descriptor also has the following optional keys:

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

The value associated with the property. Can be any valid JavaScript value (number, object, function, etc.). Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9 if the value associated with the property may be changed with an . Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

An accessor descriptor also has the following optional keys:

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

A function which serves as a getter for the property, or

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

2 if there is no getter. When the property is accessed, this function is called without arguments and with

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

8 set to the object through which the property is accessed (this may not be the object on which the property is defined due to inheritance). The return value will be used as the value of the property. Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

A function which serves as a setter for the property, or

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

2 if there is no setter. When the property is assigned, this function is called with one argument (the value being assigned to the property) and with

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

8 set to the object through which the property is assigned. Defaults to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

If a descriptor has neither of

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

6 and

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

0 keys, it is treated as a data descriptor. If a descriptor has both [

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 or

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5] and [

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

6 or

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

0] keys, an exception is thrown.

Bear in mind that these attributes are not necessarily the descriptor's own properties. Inherited properties will be considered as well. In order to ensure these defaults are preserved, you might freeze existing objects in the descriptor object's prototype chain upfront, specify all options explicitly, or point to

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; },
  configurable: false,
});

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  configurable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  enumerable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  set() {}
}); // throws a TypeError (set was undefined previously)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; }
}); // throws a TypeError
// (even though the new get does exactly the same thing)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 12
}); // throws a TypeError // ('value' can be changed when 'configurable' is false but not in this case due to 'get' accessor)

console.log(o.a); // 1
delete o.a; // Nothing happens
console.log(o.a); // 1

Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: true,
  configurable: false,
});
console.log(o.b); // undefined
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // Even when configurable is false, because the object is writable, we may still replace the value
console.log(o.b); // 1
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: false,
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // TypeError: because the property is neither writable nor configurable, it cannot be modified

2 with

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; },
  configurable: false,
});

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  configurable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  enumerable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  set() {}
}); // throws a TypeError (set was undefined previously)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; }
}); // throws a TypeError
// (even though the new get does exactly the same thing)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 12
}); // throws a TypeError // ('value' can be changed when 'configurable' is false but not in this case due to 'get' accessor)

console.log(o.a); // 1
delete o.a; // Nothing happens
console.log(o.a); // 1

Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: true,
  configurable: false,
});
console.log(o.b); // undefined
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // Even when configurable is false, because the object is writable, we may still replace the value
console.log(o.b); // 1
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: false,
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // TypeError: because the property is neither writable nor configurable, it cannot be modified

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

When the property already exists,

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2 attempts to modify the property according to the values in the descriptor and the property's current configuration.

If the old descriptor had its

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

1 attribute set to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2, the property is said to be non-configurable. It is not possible to change any attribute of a non-configurable accessor property, and it is not possible to switch between data and accessor property types. For data properties with

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

3, it is possible to modify the value and change the

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 attribute from

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9 to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2. A

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

1 is thrown when attempts are made to change non-configurable property attributes (except

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 and

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5, if permitted), except when defining a value same as the original value on a data property.

When the current property is configurable, defining an attribute to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

2 effectively deletes it. For example, if

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

5 is an accessor property,

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

6 will remove the setter, making

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

7 only have a getter and become readonly. If an attribute is absent from the new descriptor, the old descriptor attribute's value is kept (it won't be implicitly re-defined to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

2). It is possible to toggle between data and accessor property by giving a descriptor of a different "flavor". For example, if the new descriptor is a data descriptor (with

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 or

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5), the original descriptor's

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

6 and

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

0 attributes will both be dropped.

When the property specified doesn't exist in the object,

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2 creates a new property as described. Fields may be omitted from the descriptor, and default values for those fields are inputted.

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

When modifying an existing property, the current property configuration determines if the operator succeeds, does nothing, or throws a

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

Writable attribute

When the

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 property attribute is set to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2, the property is said to be "non-writable". It cannot be reassigned.

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

As seen in the example, trying to write into the non-writable property doesn't change it but doesn't throw an error either.

Enumerable attribute

The

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

8 property attribute defines whether the property is picked by

function Archiver() {
  let temperature = null;
  const archive = [];

  Object.defineProperty(this, 'temperature', {
    get() {
      console.log('get!');
      return temperature;
    },
    set(value) {
      temperature = value;
      archive.push({ val: temperature });
    }
  });

  this.getArchive = () => archive;
}

const arc = new Archiver();
arc.temperature; // 'get!'
arc.temperature = 11;
arc.temperature = 13;
arc.getArchive(); // [{ val: 11 }, { val: 13 }]

8 or spread operator. For non-

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

5 properties it also defines whether it shows up in a

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

7 loop and

const pattern = {
  get() {
    return 'I always return this string, whatever you have assigned';
  },
  set() {
    this.myname = 'this is my name string';
  },
};

function TestDefineSetAndGet() {
  Object.defineProperty(this, 'myproperty', pattern);
}

const instance = new TestDefineSetAndGet();
instance.myproperty = 'test';
console.log(instance.myproperty);
// I always return this string, whatever you have assigned

console.log(instance.myname); // this is my name string

1 or not.

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

Configurable attribute

The

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

1 attribute controls at the same time whether the property can be deleted from the object and whether its attributes (other than

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 and

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5) can be changed.

When it is

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2, but

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 is

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 can still be changed, and

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 can still be toggled from

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9 to

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

2; when it is

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9, but

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 is

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

4 may still be replaced with

function MyClass() {
}

let value;
Object.defineProperty(MyClass.prototype, "x", {
  get() {
    return value;
  },
  set(x) {
    value = x;
  }
});

const a = new MyClass();
const b = new MyClass();
a.x = 1;
console.log(b.x); // 1

6 (but not with assignment operators), and

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

5 may be toggled.

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; },
  configurable: false,
});

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  configurable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  enumerable: true
}); // throws a TypeError
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  set() {}
}); // throws a TypeError (set was undefined previously)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  get() { return 1; }
}); // throws a TypeError
// (even though the new get does exactly the same thing)
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 12
}); // throws a TypeError // ('value' can be changed when 'configurable' is false but not in this case due to 'get' accessor)

console.log(o.a); // 1
delete o.a; // Nothing happens
console.log(o.a); // 1

Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: true,
  configurable: false,
});
console.log(o.b); // undefined
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // Even when configurable is false, because the object is writable, we may still replace the value
console.log(o.b); // 1
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  writable: false,
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 1,
}); // TypeError: because the property is neither writable nor configurable, it cannot be modified

If the

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

1 attribute of

function MyClass() {
}

let value;
Object.defineProperty(MyClass.prototype, "x", {
  get() {
    return value;
  },
  set(x) {
    value = x;
  }
});

const a = new MyClass();
const b = new MyClass();
a.x = 1;
console.log(b.x); // 1

9 had been

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with a data property descriptor
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: true,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
// 'a' property exists in the o object and its value is 37

// Example of an object property added
// with defineProperty with an accessor property descriptor
let bValue = 38;
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  get() { return bValue; },
  set(newValue) { bValue = newValue; },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});
o.b; // 38
// 'b' property exists in the o object and its value is 38
// The value of o.b is now always identical to bValue,
// unless o.b is redefined

// You cannot try to mix both:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'conflict', {
  value: 0x9f91102,
  get() { return 0xdeadbeef; }
});
// throws a TypeError: value appears
// only in data descriptors,
// get appears only in accessor descriptors

9, none of the errors would be thrown and the property would be deleted at the end.

It is important to consider the way default values of attributes are applied. There is often a difference between using dot notation to assign a value and using

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

2, as shown in the example below.

const o = {};

o.a = 1;
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: true,
  configurable: true,
  enumerable: true
});

// On the other hand,
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', { value: 1 });
// is equivalent to:
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  writable: false,
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: false
});

The example below shows how to implement a self-archiving object. When

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

02 property is set, the

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

03 array gets a log entry.

function Archiver() {
  let temperature = null;
  const archive = [];

  Object.defineProperty(this, 'temperature', {
    get() {
      console.log('get!');
      return temperature;
    },
    set(value) {
      temperature = value;
      archive.push({ val: temperature });
    }
  });

  this.getArchive = () => archive;
}

const arc = new Archiver();
arc.temperature; // 'get!'
arc.temperature = 11;
arc.temperature = 13;
arc.getArchive(); // [{ val: 11 }, { val: 13 }]

In this example, a getter always returns the same value.

const pattern = {
  get() {
    return 'I always return this string, whatever you have assigned';
  },
  set() {
    this.myname = 'this is my name string';
  },
};

function TestDefineSetAndGet() {
  Object.defineProperty(this, 'myproperty', pattern);
}

const instance = new TestDefineSetAndGet();
instance.myproperty = 'test';
console.log(instance.myproperty);
// I always return this string, whatever you have assigned

console.log(instance.myname); // this is my name string

If an accessor property is inherited, its

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

6 and

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

0 methods will be called when the property is accessed and modified on descendant objects. If these methods use a variable to store the value, this value will be shared by all objects.

function MyClass() {
}

let value;
Object.defineProperty(MyClass.prototype, "x", {
  get() {
    return value;
  },
  set(x) {
    value = x;
  }
});

const a = new MyClass();
const b = new MyClass();
a.x = 1;
console.log(b.x); // 1

This can be fixed by storing the value in another property. In

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

6 and

const o = {};
Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 1,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
  value: 2,
  enumerable: false
});
Object.defineProperty(o, 'c', {
  value: 3
}); // enumerable defaults to false
o.d = 4; // enumerable defaults to true
         // when creating a property by setting it
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('e'), {
  value: 5,
  enumerable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(o, Symbol.for('f'), {
  value: 6,
  enumerable: false
});

for (const i in o) {
  console.log(i);
}
// Logs 'a' and 'd' (always in that order)

Object.keys(o); // ['a', 'd']

o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'); // false
o.propertyIsEnumerable('d'); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('e')); // true
o.propertyIsEnumerable(Symbol.for('f')); // false

const p = { ...o }
p.a // 1
p.b // undefined
p.c // undefined
p.d // 4
p[Symbol.for('e')] // 5
p[Symbol.for('f')] // undefined

0 methods,

const o = {}; // Creates a new object

Object.defineProperty(o, 'a', {
  value: 37,
  writable: false
});

console.log(o.a); // 37
o.a = 25; // No error thrown
// (it would throw in strict mode,
// even if the value had been the same)
console.log(o.a); // 37; the assignment didn't work

// strict mode
(() => {
  'use strict';
  const o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o, 'b', {
    value: 2,
    writable: false,
  });
  o.b = 3; // throws TypeError: "b" is read-only
  return o.b; // returns 2 without the line above
})();

8 points to the object which is used to access or modify the property.

const obj = {};
// 1. Using a null prototype: no inherited properties
const descriptor = Object.create(null);
descriptor.value = 'static';

// not enumerable, not configurable, not writable as defaults
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', descriptor);

// 2. Being explicit by using a throw-away object literal with all attributes present
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key2', {
  enumerable: false,
  configurable: false,
  writable: false,
  value: 'static'
});

// 3. Recycling same object
function withValue(value) {
  const d = withValue.d || (
    withValue.d = {
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      configurable: false,
      value,
    }
  );

  // avoiding duplicate operation for assigning value
  if (d.value !== value) d.value = value;

  return d;
}
// and
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', withValue('static'));

// if freeze is available, prevents adding or
// removing the object prototype properties
// (value, get, set, enumerable, writable, configurable)
(Object.freeze || Object)(Object.prototype);

Unlike accessor properties, value properties are always set on the object itself, not on a prototype. However, if a non-writable value property is inherited, it still prevents from modifying the property on the object.

When a piece of data is read from a file?

When a piece of data is read from a file, it is copied from the file into the program. Closing a file disconnects the communication between the file and the program. In Python, there is nothing that can be done if the program tries to access a file to read that does not exist.

What happens when a piece of data is written to a file?

When a piece of data is written to a file, it is copied from a variable in RAM to the file. The process of retrieving data from a file is known as reading data from the file.

What is the process of retrieving data from a file called?

Data extraction is the act or process of retrieving data out of (usually unstructured or poorly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage (data migration).

What is a file's read position where is the read position when a file is first opened for reading?

The Read position of a file is the location of the next item that will be read from a file. When a file is first opened for reading then by default the read position of the file will begin at the first character of the file.

True/false: when a piece of data is read from a file, it is copied from the file into the program.

Writable attribute

Enumerable attribute

Configurable attribute

When a piece of data is read from a file?

What happens when a piece of data is written to a file?

What is the process of retrieving data from a file called?

What is a file's read position where is the read position when a file is first opened for reading?

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Which of the following statements are true about the growth of technology? select 3 options.

Which statement is true regarding demographic changes and politics in texas today?

Which of the following statements is true of human resource management in modern organization?

Which one of the following is true regarding the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board?

According to research discussed in your textbook, which of the following is true about resilience?

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Which list below contains only information systems development project risk factors?

Controlling measures the of actual performance from the standard performance

Welche Elemente kommen im menschlichen Körper vor?

Mit anzusehen wenn der mann anbaut

Second Hand Kinder in der Nähe

Which of the following statements is true regarding surface-level diversity?

Wie wird man im Solarium am besten braun?

When giving a speech of presentation you should usually explain why the recipient is being given his or her award?

Wie lange ist 3 tage fieber ansteckend

Was sagt man wenn jemand in rente geht

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