A) association. B) learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) shaping. Show
A) higher-order conditioning. B) respondent behavior. C) observational learning. D) associative learning. 3.When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays, people spot more errors. This best illustrates the subtle impact of A) learned associations. B) behaviorism. C) spontaneous recovery. D) unconditioned responding.
A) reward. B) acquisition. C) stimulus. D) operant. 5.By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates A) operant conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) observational learning. D) classical conditioning.
7.Eva's heart rate accelerated when she was confronted by a large snake while hiking. Her accelerated heart rate is an example of A) operant behavior. B) spontaneous recovery. C) respondent behavior. D) a conditioned stimulus. 8.Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates A) respondent behavior. B) spontaneous recovery. C) observational learning. D) operant conditioning.
A) an unconditioned response. B) an operant behavior. C) a conditioned response. D) a respondent behavior.
A) blinking B) salivating C) complaining D) blushing
A) learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. B) unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition. C) both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. D) learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
B) signals that an operant behavior will be rewarded. C) triggers a conditioned response. D) elicits no response prior to classical conditioning. 18.An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n) A) secondary conditioner. B) neutral stimulus. C) discriminative response. D) unconditioned stimulus.
A) a touch on the leg B) the sight of a light C) the sound of a tone D) He used all of these stimuli. 20.If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the A) ringing bell. B) salivation to the ringing bell. C) food in the mouth. D) salivation to the food in the mouth.
22.In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the A) US. B) UR. C) CS. D) CR.
A) a CS with a US. B) a response with a reward. C) a US with a UR. D) primary and secondary conditioners. 24.A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response. 25.In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was A) salivation to the sound of a tone. B) salivation to the taste of food. C) the sound of a tone. D) the taste of food. A) association. B) acquisition. C) observational learning. D) discrimination. 31.The smell of ammonia that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of A) spontaneous recovery. B) generalization. C) acquisition. D) discrimination.
A) shortly after the CR. B) shortly after the US. C) shortly before the US. D) at the same time as the US. 33.Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail. In this instance, the female quail is a A) UR. B) US. C) CR. D) CS. 34.If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery. B) observational learning. C) higher-order conditioning. D) discrimination. 35.When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called A) discrimination. B) generalization. C) secondary conditioning. D) extinction. 36.After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred. A) generalization B) higher-order conditioning C) discrimination D) extinction 37.Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone A) spontaneous recovery. B) extinction. C) generalization. D) discrimination.
A) expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. C) repetition of operant behaviors that are rewarded. D) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery. 44.When toddlers are classically conditioned to fear moving cars, they also become afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates the process of A) spontaneous recovery. B) observational learning. C) generalization. D) higher-order conditioning. 45.After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) observational learning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) generalization. D) higher-order conditioning. 46.In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli. A) US B) UR C) CS D) CR 47.Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of A) higher-order conditioning. B) extinction. C) spontaneous recovery. D) discrimination. 48.After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates A) extinction. B) spontaneous recovery. C) discrimination. D) higher-order conditioning.
A)so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. B) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned. C) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively. D) of all of these reasons. 50.Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of A) operant conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning. 51.Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings. A) UR B) CR C) US D) CS A) classical conditioning. B) primary conditioning. C) partial reinforcement. D) operant conditioning. 57.Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed- wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of A) primary reinforcement. B) classical conditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) operant conditioning. 58.Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of A) negative reinforcement. B) classical conditioning. C) conditioned reinforcers. D) operant conditioning.
A) B. F. Skinner. B) Ivan Pavlov. C) John B. Watson. D) Edward L. Thorndike.
A) learn associations between consecutive stimuli. B) learn in the absence of reinforcement. C) repeat rewarded behaviors and discontinue punished behaviors. D) make a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. 61.An enclosure containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer is called a(n) A) time-out room. B) operant chamber. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) observational platform. 62.Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning. A) operant chamber B) variable-ratio schedule C) Pavlovian maze D) fixed-ratio schedule
D) increases the frequency of a preceding response. 64.Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior. The procedure is known as A) shaping. B) spontaneous recovery. C) secondary conditioning. D) variable-interval scheduling.
A) generalization. B) intermittent reinforcement. C) shaping. D) reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills. 70.After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a(n) A) primary reinforcer. B) discriminative stimulus. C) respondent behavior. D) unconditioned response. 71.A positive reinforcer is anything that when ________ a response, strengthens the response. A) introduced before B) removed after C) introduced after D) removed before 72.Mandisa always picked up her infant daughter when she screamed because she couldn't have the toy she wanted. As a result, her daughter screams whenever she doesn't get her way. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) _________ for screaming. A) negative reinforcer B) conditioned stimulus C) positive reinforcer D) unconditioned stimulus 73.The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums. A) negative reinforcer B) conditioned stimulus C) positive reinforcer D) punishment
A) positive B) negative C) partial D) delayed
A) strengthens B) eliminates C) suppresses but does not eliminate D) has an unpredictable effect on 76.A mother frequently picks up her crying infant boy because the baby typically stops crying as soon as he is held. In this case, the mother is ________ when her son stops crying. A) positively punished B) negatively reinforced C) negatively punished D) positively reinforced 77.Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer. A) secondary B) partial C) negative D) positive 83.Every time he drinks, Boris has a painful hangover the morning after. But he continues to drink because just a single drink reduces his anxiety. Boris' continued drinking illustrates the power of A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) extinction. D) immediate reinforcement. 84.Jeremiah studies algebra every day because he is motivated to get an A grade at the end of the semester. In this case, the A grade is a A) primary reinforcer. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) delayed reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. 85.Janna's behavior is more strongly influenced by the momentary thrill of unprotected sex than by the prospect of an unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection. This best illustrates the impact of A) classical conditioning. B) immediate reinforcement. C) a fixed-interval schedule. D) spontaneous recovery.
A) slower acquisition and faster extinction. B) faster acquisition and slower extinction. C) faster acquisition and faster extinction. D) slower acquisition and slower extinction. 87.A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by ________ reinforcement. A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) continuous; partial D) partial; continuous 88.When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that A) the dog is eventually going to stop begging for food. B) as soon as the children stop reinforcing the dog's begging, it will stop begging. C) the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future. D) the dog will always beg for food even if the Zantays never reinforce the begging. 89.A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified number of responses is called a ________ schedule. A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval 90.Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule. A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio What is a type of behavior that is acquired through experience?In general, a learned behavior is one that an organism develops as a result of experience. Learned behaviors contrast with innate behaviors, which are genetically hardwired and can be performed without any prior experience or training.
What is a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual's experience?learning A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience. The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
Which term describes the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior?Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others. The targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked. Also known as shaping and modeling, observational learning is most common in children as they imitate behaviors of adults.
What is learning that certain events occur together called?Associative learning is learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning.
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The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:
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