Classical conditioning requires the existence of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), that is, that reliably elicits an unlearned response, in the experimental subject. UCRs (unlearned responses) are also known as reflexes. The UCR is usually a physiological response that can reliably be elicited by a UCS, for example, salivation (the UCR) in response to the smell or sight of food (the UCS), particularly if one is hungry, or an eye blink (the UCR) in response to a puff of air (the UCS) blown into the eye. The classical conditioning procedure also requires a conditioned stimulus (CS), a stimulus of which the subject can be made aware but which initially does not cause the UCR, followed by a conditioned response, the same response as the UCR, but eventually in reaction to a different stimulus. For example, the CS in the puff of air example might be simply the sound of a buzzer, resulting, after conditioning is complete, in a blink (CR) caused by the CS alone. Show
Classical conditioning, then, would proceed as follows, using the four components and four steps.
Shown graphically, the sequence is
 If the CS now produces a CR, with no presentation of the UCS, it can be said that conditioning (learning) has occurred and
Higher order conditioning. Higher order conditioning, that based upon previous learning, may also occur in the classical conditioning paradigm. In higher order conditioning, what was the CS comes to serve as a UCS. For example, if the experimenter always turned on a desk light before sounding the buzzer to begin classical conditioning (to produce an eye blink at the sound of the buzzer), the turning on of the light may eventually itself produce the eye blink, independent of the buzzer. In this case, the buzzer has become a UCS, and the turning on of the light has become a CS. Consequently, although initially (light) → CS(buzzer) → UCS(air puff) → UCR(eye blink) → CR(eye blink) higher order conditioning proceeds
And higher order conditioning (learning) occurs:
Classical conditioning terminology. Specific terminology is used to describe the classical conditioning procedure.
Who first explored classical conditioning?Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
Who established structuralism the first formal school of psychology?The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought.
Was an early French philosopher who promoted a belief that the mind and body are two separate entities called interactive dualism?The modern problem of the relationship of mind to body stems from the thought of the 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes, who gave dualism its classical formulation.
Who was one of the founders of the Third Force in psychology in America and offered a theory of motivation?Influenced by existentialist philosophers and literary figures, Maslow was an important contributor in the United States to humanistic psychology, which was sometimes called the “third force,” in opposition to behaviourism and psychoanalysis.
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Studied physiology and discovered the basic learning process called classical conditioning.
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