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Chapter 1: Understanding Mass Media, Convergence, and the Importance of Media LiteracyChapter RecapChapter 1 Recap Chapter 1 sets the foundation for the rest of the book by differentiating mass communication from other types of communication, explaining the importance of convergence, and offering the tools you need to become media literate. Chapter Objectives:
Introducing Media Convergence
Introducing Mass Communication
Mass Media and Convergence
Mass Media, Culture, and Society
Media Literacy
Media Literacy Tools (See Figure 1.4 on page 21; also 23-25)
Benefits of a Media-Literate Perspective (25-26)Media literacy allows for a more sophisticated reading into the power of media industries, processes, and impact on culture. Media literacy allows for raising questions about:
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Chapter 2: Making Sense of Research on Media Effects and Media CultureChapter RecapChapter 2 Recap This chapter provides an overview of the different ways researchers try to explain mass media activities and their effects on audiences and culture. Chapter Objectives:
The Nature of Mass Media Research
Consolidating the Mainstream ApproachIn the 1950s, researchers began building on previous findings. These later approaches can be divided into three areas of study: (1) opinion and behavior change, (2) what people learn from media, and (3) the motivations and applications of media use. (40-43)
The Rise of Critical ApproachesAlthough mainstream approaches to research have laid a strong foundation for communication research, some scholars recognize two persistent problems: (45)
Cultural Studies
Using Media Research to Develop Media Literacy Skills
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Chapter 3: The Business of MediaChapter RecapChapter 3 Recap This chapter provides an overview of how the media industries identify and address audiences; how they use genres to group content; and how they produce, distribute, exhibit, and finance content. Chapter Objectives:
Identifying an Audience for Mass Media Content
Determining a Genre for Mass Media Content
Mixing Genres in a Convergent Media System
Media Literacy and the Business of Media (90-92)
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Chapter 4: Financing and Shaping the Media: Advertising, Public Relations, and Marketing CommunicationsChapter RecapChapter 4 Recap This chapter explores how advertising, public relations, and marketing activities shape the activities of the media industries. Chapter Objectives:
The Advertising Industry
What Is Public Relations?
The Rise of Marketing Communications (117-120)
Advertising, Public Relations, and Convergence (120-121)
Media Literacy Issues Related to Advertising and Public Relations
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Chapter 5: Controls on Media Content:Chapter RecapChapter 5 Recap Government Regulation, Self-Regulation, and EthicsThis chapter provides an overview of the different ways that the government regulates media industries and the media industries regulate themselves, as well as the questions of ethics that arise in both cases. Chapter Objectives:
Why Do Media Firms Care About What Government Does?Mass media regulation refers to the laws and guidelines that influence key media industry processes: production, distribution and exhibition. Three key arguments shape the media laws in the United States: how to define freedom of the press, what a good media system means, and how much government should guide it. (131)
More Allowable Government Control Over Media ContentGovernment regulation of media falls into three categories: regulation of content before it is distributed, regulation of content after it is distributed, and economic regulation. (134)
Media Self-RegulationSelf-regulation regimes are codes created by companies that define ethical codes of conduct within them. (150)
The Role of EthicsEthics is a system of notions about right and wrong that guides a person’s actions. (156) Bob Steele, a faculty member with the Poynter Institute, suggests ten questions to ask yourself when considering ethical questions while working in media. (156-157)
Ethical duties are related to different constituencies, including self, audience, employer, profession, promise-holders, and society. (157) Ethical standards occur at three levels: person, professional, and societal. Values, ideals, and principles cut across these levels. (158) Media Regulations and the Savvy Citizen
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Preface to the Media Industries: The Forces Driving Convergence in Media IndustriesChapter RecapChapter Part II Preface Recap The first five chapters of the book provided the foundations for thinking about different aspects of the media, including convergence, genres, structures and funding, and media regulations. Expanding on the ideas of convergence, this preface provides some key themes that underpin the different industries addressed in the following chapters. Many of these themes began before digital media and the Internet, but convergence has accelerated their growth and change. The Spread of Digital Media
The Importance of Distribution Windows
Audience Fragmentation and Segmentation
Globalization
Conglomeration
These five media trends will be key to the discussions of individual media industries in the following chapters. FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Chapter 6: The Internet IndustryChapter RecapChapter 6 Recap This chapter explores the Internet industry, which supports the explosive growth of convergence activities, and changing relationships between media and Internet industries and their audiences. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of the Internet
Production, Distribution, and Exhibition on the Internet
Social Media Sites and Search Engines
Funding Online Content
“Web-Centered” and “App-Centered” Businesses
Media Ethics: Confronting Internet Privacy
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1931 - 1931 Statistical MachineEmanuel Goldberg and Robert Luther in Germany receive a U.S. patent for a “Statistical Machine” an early document search engine that uses photoelectric cells and pattern recognition to search for specific words on microfilm documents. This device was an early version of a search engine. Goldberg’s interest in linking bits of knowledge quickly may have influenced Vannevar Bush’s ideas about text linking. 1945 - 1945 "As We May Think"Scientist Vannevar Bush publishes the article “As We May Think” in The Atlantic magazine predicting the invention of technology that would allow ideas in different parts of text to link to one another. This was a key public expression of the idea of the hypertext, which became reality with the invention of the World Wide Web. 1946 - 1946 Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)University of Pennsylvania engineers create ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. This is the first programmable, electronic digital computer. There are several predecessors to ENIAC, but this invention ushers in the computer age. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4oGI_dNaPc ENIAC: The First Computer 1958 - 1958 United State Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)President Eisenhower requests funds to create the United States Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Responding to the Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite, ARPA was to lead the development of new military technologies. It was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYQ3NSQfg40 DARPA-Military Secrets Scientists 1961 - 1961 Packing SwitchingLarry Roberts at MIT sets up an experiment in which two computers communicate to each other using packet-switching technology. This experiment is a major move forward in the creation of a network of interacting computers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tT4AaelwvV4 Story of Packet Switching 1966 - 1966 ARPANETARPANET project begins in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Larry Roberts is in charge. The goal is to create a packet-switching interconnected network of computers that can continue operating even when one part of the network is disabled by war. 1969 - 1969 ARPANET ConnectsARPANET connects computers at four U.S. universities. The first ARPANET message is sent between the University of California and Stanford University. The aim is to connect scientists at universities around the U.S. using a computer network. 1969 marks the first successful venture in this direction and paves the way for more and more computers to be joined into the network. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khajeqHUQ7Q Internet History part 1: The First Time Two Computers Were Ever Connected 1971 - 1971 First Email ProgramRay Tomlinson creates the first email program, along with the @ sign to signify “at.” This is the start of specific “applications” on the network. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhXk3wzemR4 Ray Tomlinson: The Inventor of Email 1973 - 1973 The U.K. and Norway ConnectARPANET establishes connections to two universities in the UK and Norway. The linkage between computers becomes international. 1976 - 1976 Apple ComputerSteve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found Apple computers. The company will become a major force in spreading the internet and its uses and redefining the home computer. https://youtu.be/DZyKlZcqrjk The History of Apple in Under 10 Minutes 1981 - 1981 The Personal Computer and DOSIBM announces the first personal computer (PC). Microsoft creates the PC’s disk operating system (DOS). This marks the beginning of Microsoft’s race to become a powerful company in computing, the internet, and video games. https://youtu.be/ymCrUDTRuLI IBM 5150 PC: CBS Sunday Morning 1983 - 1983 Domain Name System (DNS)Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel create the domain name system for the internet. These included the suffixes of .edu, .gov., .com , .mil, .org., .net, and .int. (Previously people used a series of numbers, such as 131.156.99.3.) In 1985, Symbolic.com becomes the first registered “domain” on ARPANET/Internet. Domain names serve as words that refer to places of internet participants on the internet that are fundamentally defined in terms of numerical addresses. It is a key step in organizing the internet for widespread use. 1987 - 1987 Cisco Routers25 million PCs are sold in the U.S. and the first Cisco routers are shipped. These developments reflect the popular growth in personal-computer use and the beginnings of connections of these computers to the internet. Routers are devices that forward data packets between computer networks. Reading the internet address information in the packet, routers perform the “traffic directing” functions of the internet. https://youtu.be/7_LPdttKXPc How the Internet Works in 5 Minutes 1990 - 1990 The World Wide WebARPANET formally ends. Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web. This system of interlinked hypertext documents changes the way people access information. https://youtu.be/HloK8KW6nGo PBS Special on 20th Anniversary of the WWW—interview with Tim Berners-Lee 1993 - 1993 Mosaic Web BrowserMarc Andreessen and Eric Bina invent Mosaic, the first widely used Web browser at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It quickly becomes a popular way to access pictures and text on the World Wide Web. It becomes the model for the popular Netscape browser and others that came afterwards. This browser development marked the beginning of the Web as a popular and commercial destination. https://youtu.be/_L3Y2_YiT-A Early days of Mosaic & Netscape Browsers: Marc Andreessen, Jim Clark, and John Doerr 1993 - 1993 Campus-Wide InternetCarnegie Mellon University offers the first campus-wide wireless access to the internet. 1995 - 1995 Windows 95Microsoft releases Windows 95. Borrowing the idea from Apple, this PC operating system used a graphical user interface, start menu, and task bar. It quickly became the most popular desktop operating system. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tw-GGT6900s&feature=youtu.be Windows 95 Commercial 1996 - 1996 The New York Times OnlineThe New York Times establishes a website. It reflects the beginnings of the movement of offline journalism online. (See Chapter 8.) 1998 - 1998 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)U.S. Congress passes the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act. COPPA reflects concerns in U.S. society about the ways marketers and other agencies track people, including young people, online and use their information without permission. This law singled children out for special concern. Effective in 2000, the act specified what a website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing to those under 13. https://youtu.be/0kbqirhmKaA COPPA 1998 - 1998 Sergey Brin and Larry Page incorporate the search engine Google. It becomes the preeminent search engine and powerful internet advertising force. https://youtu.be/RXWyWfcQGoA Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google History 2001 - 2001 Internet CrimeThe European Council adopts the first treaty addressing criminal offenses committed over the Internet. Countries are beginning to grapple with how to think of law as it relates to the internet necessitating new specializations within law such as internet law, media law, and information technology law. 2001 - 2001 iTunesApple introduces the iTunes media player and library application. It is the beginning of what will become Apple’s wildly successful venture into selling music tracks, videos, books, and other digital products for its desktop and mobile devices when they launch the iTunes store in 2003. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kweuRH7QwUE&feature=youtu.be Apple iMac Ad: iTunes 1(2001) 2003 - 2003 Lawsuits for Copyright InfringementThe RIAA sues 261 individuals for allegedly distributing copyrighted music files over peer-to-peer networks. 2004 - 2004 Facebook Acquires InstagramMark Zuckerberg and fellow Harvard students create the Facebook social networking site. 2007 - 2007 Google Website Reaches #1Search engine giant Google surpasses software giant Microsoft in having the most visited website. 2011 - 2011 Smartphone Adoption IncreasesOver one third (35%) of American adults own a smartphone. 2012 - 2012 Facebook Acquires InstagramFacebook purchases Instagram for $1 billion. 2015 - 2015 Smartphones Become WidespreadNearly two thirds of Americans (64%) own a smartphone, and one in five rely solely on smartphones to access the internet. 2016 - 2016 Internet Society Celebrates 25th AnniversaryThe nonprofit Internet Society was established in 1992 to “ensure that a healthy, sustainable Internet is available to everyone.” https://goo.gl/images/d5sByt 2018 - 2018 Facebook Data BreachCambridge Analytica, a data analytics firm, accesses information of millions of Facebook users, opening Facebook to an investigation by the FTC about privacy protections. Chapter 7: The Book IndustryChapter RecapChapter 7 Recap Chapter 7 is the first chapter of the book to delve into the structures of the more traditional media industries and their reactions to the impact of convergence. Watch for the themes mentioned in the preface to Part II to connect across the following chapters. Each of these chapters will contain a timeline with several key themes related to the historical development of each medium. Chapter Objectives:
The History of the Book
The Book Industry Today
Book clubs are organizations through which individuals who have joined can select books from the club’s catalog and purchase them through the mail or via the club’s website; traditionally, they have operated on a negative-option plan, requiring consumers to cancel their memberships or otherwise receive “main selection” books on a monthly basis. Variety and Specialization in Book Publishing
Production in the Book Publishing Industry
Distribution in the Book Industry
Exhibition in the Book Publishing IndustryMany different kinds of bookstores exist, and the online presence of publishers, as well as electronic publishing, is changing the means of exhibition in the industry. (219)
Convergence and Conglomeration in the Book IndustryBook publishers are frequently part of larger media and other corporations. (221-222)
Ethical Issues in Book ProductionEthics issues in book production start with plagiarism, which involves using another person’s work without citing the original author. (222)
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Interactive Timeline0 - 0 3000 BC The Papyrus RollAncient Egyptians invent the papyrus roll. Predecessor of all modern printed materials, laid foundations for print communication. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhSSRRfYkhM Art of the Scribe: Works on Papyrus 0 - 0 2500-3000 BCE Lampblack InkLampblack ink or "India ink" is introduced in China. The carbon based material allows for permanence in writing. 100 - 100 The CodexEarly Christians popularize the codex. Rather than the traditional scroll, it is an unbound manuscript of single pages. Manuscripts began to take on look of the book. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4Xkv2gjzZw British Broadcasting Company - The Codex Sinaiticus: The Oldest Surviving Christian New Testament - The Beauty of Books – (BBC) 200 - 299 Woodblock PrintingWoodblock printing appears in China 500 - 500 The Early Printing PressPrinting process using wooden blocks developed in China. This remained the most commonly-used printing method in East Asia until the 19th century. The technique was used in Europe until the 15th century. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y57rUeCHoXg China Engraved Block Printing Technique 1440 - 1440 Gutenberg's Printing PressGutenberg develops the printing press. Only 100 years after invention of printing press about 9 million books were available in Europe Before then, only a few thousand had been available. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ojyCDRc8uc Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press 1487 - 1487 CensorshipFirst censorship of books. Pope Innocent VIII issues a Papal Bull (on November 17, 1487) that requires church authorities approve all books before they are printed. Although the Church had always censored printed materials, the advent of the printing press made distribution of printed materials easier, thus, they established this formal rule forbidding book shops to stock books that were not approved by the Church. 1529 - 1529 Introduction of a Licensing SystemKing Henry VIII establishes licensing system. It creates a list of prohibited books and established that only printers with authority from the crown can use printing presses. This marks the establishment of censorship on a government level. 1637 - 1637 Restrictions on LicensingLicensing procedures are further restricted to consolidate British Royal power. Only 23 printers are allowed to use presses, and there are now harsher penalties for printers that continue to use their presses without authority from the monarch. 1638 - 1638 Printing Press Appears in AmericaFirst printing press in the U.S. The first printing press in the U.S. is established in Cambridge, Massachusetts with some assistance from Harvard University. Interestingly, this link between the printer who initially sought to set up a printing press in the U.S. (Rev. Joseph Glover) and Harvard University came to pass after Glover died at sea while bringing the equipment to the U.S. and his widow went on to marry Harvard University president, Henry Dunster. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/innovation/American%20Printing.html 1710 - 1710 The Statute of AnneThe Copyright Act of 1709, also known as “The Statute of Anne” (referring to Queen Anne), protects printed works for specific periods of time and sets forth penalties for those who stole the material under copyright. http://archive.org/stream/thestatuteofanne33333gut/33333.txt 1800 - 1820 Emergence of Large Printing CompaniesBooks continue to be printed by small, family owned businesses. This will change as expensive steam-powered printing presses allow for the growth of large companies that can manufacture many books quickly. 1800 - 1899 Establishment of Formal Publishing IndustryWith the widespread mechanization of printing, publishers are established as separate entities from booksellers. 1843 - 1843 The Hoe steam-powered cylinderHoe’s steam-powered cylinder is able to produce 4000 double impressions on paper in an hour—which is four times faster than Gutenberg’s press. This invention leads to the ability or printers to mass produce books on larger scale. Trains Contributed to the Distribution of Books Throughout the U.S. 1820 - 1910 Book DistributionThe U.S. experiences a growth in the construction of canals and railroads, leading to a demand for reading material for long journeys. Publishers’ are also now able to send books throughout the continent and distribute their content in a faster, large-scale way. 1825 - 1875 Book Publishing Becomes an IndustryLarge book-selling companies begin to emerge with departments specializing in different types of books aimed at different market segments. During this time, companies such as Little and Brown, Houghton, Scribner, John Wiley and Sons, and J.P. Putnam—many of which are still around today—were established as major publishing houses. 1850 - 1859 U.S. AuthorsThe number of successful U.S. authors grows. Authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin) and Washington Irving (The Sketch Book with the story “Rip Van Winkle”) end up selling hundreds of thousands of copyrighted books in this decade. This literary period is sometimes called the “American Renaissance.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nfJGYR7F0w Harriet Beecher Stowe & “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 1870 - 1879 Domestic NovelsRise of domestic novels in the U.S. These tearjerker stories are aimed at women, and are the predecessors of TV’s soap operas and the current publishing industry’s Harlequin romances. 1891 - 1891 The International Copyright ConventionU.S. joins International Copyright Convention. U.S. publishers now want the government to join this convention because they are losing revenues on the books they are publishing. This is because foreign companies have begun to copy and sell American books without paying royalties (just as American publishers did with English books in 1855). 1904 - 1904 Offset LithographyOffset lithography is developed as a commonly used printing process. This printing process allows for rapid color printing, thus increasing the number of books that are printed in full color. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyxSLOZaj-M Four Color Printing Process Explained 1926 - 1926 Book-of-the-Month ClubThe Book-of-the-Month Club is founded by Harry Scherman, Max Sackheim, and Robert Haas. The BOMC provided hardbacks at lower cost than bookstores and for people who did not have bookstores near them. It also made recommendations for other books subscribers might be interested in based on what they’ve already read that they could easily order through the Book Club. It spawned several imitators. 1927 - 1927 Random HouseBennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer start the Random House publishing company. From the idea they would “publish a few books on the side at random,” it grows into the largest general-interest trade book publisher in the world, now owned by Bertelsmann. 1929 - 1929 The Great DepressionThis Great Depression financial crisis hurts the book industry since many people no longer have the extra money to spend on purchasing entertainment items such as books http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccNilnpvbJg The Crash of 1929 and The Great Depression (PBS) 1939 - 1939 Pocket BooksInspired by the example of cheap Penguin Books in the U.K., Pocket Books produces first mass-market paperback books in U.S. The first ten small, inexpensive books with popular titles such as Lost Horizon, Topper, and Bambi are extremely popular. They sell more 1.5 million copies in a year and start a new form of American book publishing. 1960 - 1989 Major Corporations Enter Book IndustryGrowing conglomerates express interest in the book publishing industry. Major corporations such as Time Warner, CBS, and Advance Publications buy companies in the book business in the 1960s. In addition, European book companies start purchasing American book publishing companies beginning in the 1980s. 1971 - 1971 Project GutenbergProject Gutenberg, a volunteer-led project that digitizes and archives cultural works, is founded. This is the first digital library, and is a clear sign of things to come for the book industry in terms of digitization and how books are distributed. http://www.gutenberg.org/ 1984 - 1984 MacPublisherThe first desktop publishing program for the pathbreaking Apple MacIntosh personal computer, MacPublisher, is introduced. This substantially lowers the cost of formatting books and encourages low-cost publishing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFGRngF7B90 Macintosh Commercial: Apple Desktop Publishing 1993 - 2004 Bookstores DeclineIndependent bookstores decrease by over 50% in the U.S., from 4,700 to 2,000. 2004 - 2004 Google BooksGoogle begins scanning millions of books with the goal of offering electronic access and sale. The activity ignites much controversy—and lawsuits—as authors and publishers demand to be consulted and paid. Click on the link for the New York Times article, “Some Fear Google’s Power in Digital Books.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEl6zrOvCmI The Future of Google Books: Google Co-founder Sergey Brin 2009 - 2009 Digital Book Sales IncreaseAmazon announces that it sold more Kindle e-Books for Christmas than it did physical books. This development highlights the growth of eBooks and supports USA Today’s decision in 2009 to incorporate Kindle sales into its weekly list of bestselling books. Click here for the Business Insider article, “Kindle Milestone: Amazon Sold More Kindle Books Than Physical Books on Xmas.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsPF1_tovQw 2010 - 2010 Introduction of the iPadThe highly popular iPad is introduced and becomes another major vehicle for electronic book reading. Throughout the years, the iPad incorporates more and more interactive features to make eBooks more than just a flat document on an electronic device. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiUs8HQu_1o Apple iPad Ad (3/7/2010) 2014 - 2014 E-book Expansion ContinuesE-books make up 30% of all book sales in the U.S. 2009 - 2014 Number of Independent Bookstores IncreasesIndependent bookstores begin to make a resurgence, growing from 1,651 stores in the U.S. in 2009 to 2,094 in 2014. 2015 - 2015 Amazon Opens “Bricks and Mortar” BookstoreAmazon gets physical with the opening of a full-service bookstore in a Seattle shopping mall, with others planned around the country. https://goo.gl/images/g1NRMg 2017 - 2017 Obamas Receive Record AdvancePenguin Random House pays Barak and Michelle Obama $65 million in a joint deal for their memoirs. Chapter 8: The News IndustryChapter RecapChapter 8 Recap As with books, newspapers predate the development of the newspaper industry. The newspaper industry has also faced serious challenges following convergence. Chapter Objectives:
The Development of the Newspaper
An Overview of the Contemporary Newspaper IndustryThe industry is divided into the publication of dailies and weeklies.
Financing the Newspaper BusinessPapers generate revenues in two
ways: advertising and circulation. Advertising is the dominant source of money. (236)
Production in the Newspaper Industry
Distribution and the Newspaper Industry
Exhibition in the Newspaper Industry
A Key Industry Issue: Building Readership
The Future of Newspapers Versus the Future of Journalism
Ethics and New Models of Journalism
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1675 - 1700 Newspapers in the UKNewspapers become a regular feature in Britain. After years of controlling the English press, the ruling monarchs finally give into the demands of Parliament. Newspapers are printed on a flatbed printing press similar to Gutenberg’s (see Chapter 7). Click on the link for more information on the history of newspapers in Great Britain. http://ir.nul.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jspui/bitstream/2237/8163/1/M%26CVol2-Haig.pdf 1735 - 1735 John Peter Zenger TrialIn a landmark case, John Peter Zenger is charged with seditious libel for printing facts in his newspaper that reflected badly on the royal governor. The American jury found that, unlike in English law, truth could be used as a defense against libel. Even though a guilty verdict is the proper outcome under British law, Andrew Hamilton, Zenger's lawyer, persuades the jury that his client is innocent. The jury decision reflects an idea that became the First Amendment, that “Nature and the Laws of our country have given us a Right—the Liberty—both of exposing and opposing arbitrary Power . . . by speaking and writing Truth." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKMBNx0LVto Why Were New York City Newspapers Burned in 1734? 1791 - 1791 The First AmendmentThe First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which explicitly protects the press, is adopted. The Amendment reads: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” This sets into law the right of the press to have an adversarial relationship with the government. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1SCQPyFlIY&list=PL0BCFBB36C06D91C8 “The First Amendment and You” Episode 1, Part 1 1780 - 1829 The Cost of NewspapersDaily newspapers tend to be supported by political parties and to be read by merchants and politicians. The papers are a nickel apiece, expensive for typical Americans-- and they are sold by subscription, a year in advance, which adds to the expense. In addition to the cost, widespread illiteracy discourages the growth of daily newspapers among all but the well-off and well-educated. 1814 - 1814 The Steam Powered Printing PressA steam powered printing press, invented by Frederick Koenig, is used for the first time by the Times of London. The speed of the new press along with cheaper ways to make paper substantially lowers the per page cost of newspapers. http://letterpressprinting.com.au/page58.htm 1820 - 1829 Literacy in Labor UnionsDuring this decade, early labor unions create newspapers specially for their members. Literacy among labor union members is growing. Yet, when the unions declined after this decade, their newspapers declined as well. A number of entrepreneurs took note that there might be an untapped audience for daily newspapers. 1831 - 1831 The LiberatorWilliam Lloyd Garrison starts The Liberator, a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, in New England championing the non-violent abolition of slavery through moral persuasion. While its initial circulation is relatively limited (fewer than 400), its readership grows so that by the Civil War it has wide influence among anti-slavery groups. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GT2yNPJQ8 The American Experience - The Abolitionists - William Lloyd Garrison 1833 - 1833 The New York SunBenjamin Day starts New York Sun daily for a penny per issue. Its slogan is" It Shines for All." The slogan reflects Day’s desire to entice the general public, not just those with money, to read its material. Sold by hawkers in the street, the newspaper makes money one issue at a time. Within six months, the paper circulation reaches about 8000, almost twice that of its nearest rival. This marks the beginning of the Penny Press era. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEp3UhdswZg “Making of a Newspaper” Circa 1929 The Sun (New York) 1847 - 1847 Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass, a former slave, publishes the North Star in Rochester, New York, inspired by Garrison’s The Liberator. The anti-slavery North Star takes the position that Garrison’s approach to emancipation by moral persuasion is not enough. Political action is necessary. This paper and its successor, Liberty Party Paper (begun in 1852 with Gerrit Smith), are influential in developing the ideology that guides strident political demands for the downfall of slavery. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j0jvj4e4XU America: The Story of Us -Frederick Douglass 1840 - 1849 The New York HeraldNew York Herald, a penny newspaper, is innovative in appealing to different segments of the population within the same issue by using separate sections. Sections include a sports section, a critical review column, society news, and a financial section. These sections and the growth of reporters working for the paper herald a new approach to news by American newspapers. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412447/New-York-Herald The New York Herald 1840 - 1859 Hoe’s Rotary PressIncreased newspaper circulation leads to the widespread use of Hoe’s rotary (or “type-revolving”) press. Instead of placing the type on a flatbed, Hoe puts it on a cylinder, with different parts of the cylinder holding type for different pages of the paper. By 1855, Hoe’s ingenious machine prints 20,000 sheets per hour. The new technology enables newspapers to print quickly and cheaply, befitting their large circulations. http://historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=399 Richard M. Hoe 1841 - 1869 Bylines and HeadlinesThe byline (which identifies the story’s author) emerges, as does the date line (which tells where and when the reporter wrote it). Modern news conventions develop. Also emerging during this period are different sizes of headlines, which cue readers into the relative importance of stories. Those with larger headlines are designated as “more important” by the newspaper publisher, therefore they use the larger typeface to draw the reader’s attention to those stories. 1849 - 1849 The Associated PressSeven New York City newspapers establish the Associated Press (AP) as a cooperative newsgathering organization. Newspapers in other cities join the service, discharges of membership the in return for sending it stories to the papers over the telegraph wires. The AP facilitates the national sharing of news. http://www.ap.org/company/history/ap-history 1870 - 1899 Newspaper Circulation GrowsThe number of English-language general-circulation dailies increases from 489 in 1870 to 1,967 in 1900. Foreign-language newspapers also grow steeply in number and readership, which leads to a dramatic increase in newspaper circulation. 1880 - 1910 Advertising in NewspapersA new business philosophy in newspapers develops: using advertising instead of circulation revenues for their profits. The percentage of newspaper revenue coming from advertising rose 50% in 1880 to 64% in 1910. This contributed to the advertising revolution in newspapers. 1890 - 1899 Full-Color NewspapersFull-color presses, first used in Paris, France, are adapted in the United States and used especially for Sunday comics. Aesthetic changes in newspapers. In 1897, high-quality reproductions of photographs make their first appearance in the New York Tribune. 8.1g.jpg The Boston Sunday Herald 1890 - 1899 Yellow JournalismThe term “yellow journalism” is used for a newspaper characterized by irresponsible, fickle, and sensational news-gathering and exhibition. The rise of yellow journalism. The publishers of these papers use sensational stories of sex and murder, along with publicity gimmicks, to lure readers into buying their newspapers. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0mjkLPvrQM Yellow Journalism: Origins and Definition 1898 - 1898 The Spanish-American WarRise of sensationalistic coverage of the Spanish-American War, led by publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, who are competing for circulation in New York. When the battleship the U.S.S. Maine blows up in Havana Harbor, publisher William Randolph Hearst offers a $15,000 reward (which he advertises in his New York newspaper, The World) to the person who can prove who was responsible destroying the ship. When the United States goes to war with Spain over the incident, The New York Journal –American (also owned by Hearst) covers the conflict in antagonistic, highly emotional tones. In response to social and governmental indignation regarding the rise of yellow journalism, the newspaper industry turns to self-regulation. That includes the establishment of university schools and departments of journalism (University of Missouri in 1908 and Columbia in 1912)—often with the support of wealthy newspaper publishers. The goal of the schools is to turn journalism into a respected craft, with its own clear set of procedures, norms, and ethics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU5l4yQCpMM The Spanish-American War 1920 - 1929 TabloidsRise of the tabloids: the most popular of this sort of newspaper was the New York Daily News, which dubbed itself “New York's picture newspaper.” Like its imitators, in its earliest years the Daily News reflected the idea of a newspaper that had been stripped of real news (i.e., that which the new journalism schools were trying to promote). Instead, the reader got large doses of the entertainment part of the traditional paper: gossip, comic strips, horoscopes, advice columns, sports, and news about movie stars. http://voiceseducation.org/content/sensationalism-inflammatory-words-and-history-tabloid-journalism 1920 - 1929 NormsAn ethic of objectivity develops among professional journalists, who increasingly develop formal rules and codes for journalism. 1930 - 1939 Competition From Other MediaThe Great Depression and the rise of radio adversely impact the newspaper industry, as many advertisers switch to radio. Between 1937 and 1939, one-third of salaried employees in the newspaper industry lose their jobs as circulation numbers decline. 1930 - 1939 Newspaper ChainsIn the midst of the Depression, powerful newspaper chains – – that is, companies that own a number of papers around the nation – –are established. The 1930’s saw the creation of newspaper chains, which led to the consolidated control by these chains over Americans’ news. By 1933, the six most powerful chains – – Hearst , Patterson – McCormick, Block, Ridder, and Gannett-- control about one quarter of all daily circulation in the United States. Hearst alone controls almost 14% of daily and 24% of Sunday newspaper circulation in 1935. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otzmmr8iidI The Rise of William Randolph Hearst 1950 - 1959 Emergence of the TelevisionBy the late 1950s, most U.S. homes (86%) have at least one television set. Newspapers must now compete with another media format—the television. Like radio, television competes with newspapers for advertising revenue. 8-1j.jpg Television Set 1990 - 2016 Decline in Newspaper CirculationYoung readers migrate to free Web and app news sources such as blogs and link-collection (or aggregation) sites (for example, Google News). This development speeds up newspaper circulation declines. 2008 - 2009 Newspaper Revenue DecreasesA global recession along with huge debts of certain newspaper chains leads to major decreases in total newspaper revenues during 2008 and 2009. Newspaper industry woes deepen. The drop in print circulation due to people's use of the web for news makes the situation even more difficult for those in the industry. 8-1k.jpg Financial Crisis Depicted in Newspaper Headline 2008 - 2016 BankruptcySix large newspaper companies file for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy code. Newspaper industry woes deepen leading some to wonder—is the newspaper industry dying? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu3UQD9SrIo The Death of American Newspapers 2009 - 2009 Closing of Rocky Mountain NewsThe Rocky Mountain News of Denver, Colorado, prints its final issue just two months shy of its 150th anniversary. 2010 - 2010 Original Content in Online NewsProPublica, an independent nonprofit news organization, becomes the first online news source to win a Pulitzer Prize. 2013 - 2013 Amazon acquires the Washington PostJeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon.com, pays $250 million for The Washington Post, ending 80 years of local ownership of the paper by the Meyer-Graham family. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnCYgLEt1QE ABC 'This Week' Panel - Amazon's Jeff Bezos Buys the Washington Post 2014 - 2014 Declines in AdvertisingAnnual newspaper advertising revenue in the U.S. is $16.4 billion, down dramatically from $46.7 billion in 2004. 2014 - 2014 Automated ReportingUsing new “automation technology,” the Associated Press begins to release computer-generated rather than reporter-generated stories about company earnings. 2015 - 2015 Corporate Concern about NewspapersGannett and several other big media companies spin off their newspaper divisions. Chapter 9: The Magazine IndustryChapter RecapChapter 9 Recap Like books and newspapers, magazines existed before the magazine industry. Today’s magazine industry faces challenges similar to those discussed with the newspaper industry: how to attract advertiser support and how to adapt to new media platforms. Chapter Objectives:
The Development of Magazines
An Overview of the Modern Magazine Industry
Financing Magazine Publishing
Digital Circulation
Production in the Magazine IndustryProduction in the magazine industry has five goals:
Distribution in the Magazine IndustryMagazine distribution refers to the channels through which the magazine reaches its exhibition point, either in print or online. (274)
Exhibition in the Magazine Industry
Media Ethics and the Magazine Industry
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1700 - 1799 Magazines in EnglandMagazines begin to be published regularly in England. Two prominent magazines, The Tatler and The Spectator, serve up both politics and literature by famous writers of the day. Unfortunately for the publishers of these magazines, widespread illiteracy and the high cost of magazines mean that many people do not purchase them. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/business/global/05paper.html The Tatler 1741 - 1741 Magazines in the U.S.The first magazines appear in the United States. Andrew Bradford’s The American Magazine, published in Philadelphia, precedes Benjamin Franklin's General Magazine by three days. With the publication of these two magazines, the industry officially launches in the U.S. The American Magazine and Historical Chronicle 1810 - 1810 Prohibitive Cost of MagazinesCost of magazines prevents the widespread publication of magazines in the U.S. Magazines are too expensive, and the illiteracy rate is too high, for periodicals to gain a foothold among ordinary Americans. As a result, fewer than 100 magazines are published in the U.S. 1825 - 1860 Magazines as Mass MediaThe transformation of magazines into commercial operations. During this period, between 4000 and 5000 new magazines are introduced in the U.S. Like their counterparts in the newspaper and book industries, magazine entrepreneurs take advantage of the rising levels of education, the new steam-powered presses, and postal loopholes to expand the market. Most of the new magazines die quickly, but theses magazine launches signify that business people are beginning to see a large market emerging for periodicals. Harper’s Weekly 1860 - 1860 Godey’s Lady’s BookGodey's Lady’s Book, founded in 1830, reaches a circulation of 150,000 readers and becomes the most widely circulated magazine before the Civil War. The magazine contains poetry, engravings, articles and other features from well-known artists and writers. The magazine was managed by editor Sarah Hale (also credited with writing “Mary Had a Little Lamb”) from 1837-1877, who facilitated the publishing of many original American manuscripts within the magazine, even having three special issues in which all the contributors were women. http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/contents.html Godey’s Lady’s Book 1879 - 1879 The Postal ActThe Postal Act of 1879, intended to create distinctions between different classes of mail, lowered postage rates for magazines, making them more affordable and easily circulated. 1890 - 1899 Advertising in MagazinesMagazines increase their reliance on advertisements as a source of revenue. During this great American industrial boom, manufacturers want to reach out to potential customers. Magazine publishers, such as Frank Munsey, realize that they can make a lot of money by selling advertisers space in his magazines, enabling them to reach large numbers of readers. They attract those large numbers of readers by charging low subscription prices. This period marks the beginning of mass circulation magazines in the United States. http://uwf.edu/dearle/enewsstand/enewsstand_files/Page577.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzNL_6oZbq0 Captains of Industry: Frank A. Munsey 1903 - 1903 Ladies Home JournalCyrus H.K. Curtis launches Ladies’ Home Journal with his wife, Louisa Knapp Curtis, as editor. The magazine would become one of the most influential of the coming century, and the Curtis Publishing Company in Philadelphia would become a magazine and advertising powerhouse. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IptWcMseFkk Captains of Industry: Cyrus Curtis 1893 - 1893 Advertising Revenues Over Customer RevenuesFrank Munsey drops the price of Munsey’s Magazine to ten cents and the subscription cost to one dollar. That causes the circulation to skyrocket. 1900 - 1900 Ladies Home Journal Sells One Million Copies Per MonthLadies Home Journal becomes the best-selling magazine in the United States, selling one million copies per month. In addition to promoting ideas on interior decorating and the appearance of cities, the magazine campaigns for women's suffrage, pacifism, environmental conservation, improved local government, and sex education. Click here for the article, “Why Women Should Vote.” http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=3609 The Ladies’ Home Journal 1908 - 1908 The Saturday Evening PostCurtis Publishing’s Saturday Evening Post, America's best-selling magazine, sells more than 1 million copies a week. Aimed to appeal broadly to all American adults, this magazine published works by some of the best U.S. writers of the time: Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, Willa Cather, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Sinclair Lewis, among others. http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/sections/archives http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/48155130 “Modern Classic” NBC News Story on The Saturday Evening Post 1950 - 1959 Competition with TelevisionMagazines must now compete with television. By the late 1950s, 86% of U.S. homes have at least one television set. The huge popularity of the television begins to hurt mass circulation, even popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post. A Family Watching Television 1960 - 1969 Magazines Geared for Specific AudiencesThe era of mass circulation magazines ends, and a new era of specialized, audience-targeted magazines begins. Lifestyle-oriented magazines such as Psychology Today and Self that target specific audiences that advertisers would like to reach allow companies to make substantial profits with magazines that reach hundreds of thousands, or even tens of thousands, of people instead of millions. http://themediaonline.co.za/2012/07/niche-magazines-giving-readers-a-sense-of-ownership/ Selection at a Magazine Stand 1990 - 2016 Magazine ConglomeratesTime Warner's Time Inc., Hearst Corporation’s magazines division, Advance Publications, and Meredith Publishing Company dominate consumer magazines. http://www.cjr.org/resources/ 1994 - 1994 First Online MagazineHotWired (sister publication of Wired magazine) launches as the first commercial magazine on the web. This marks the beginning of the magazine industry’s entry into the digital age. HotWired also serves as the site of the first online banner ad. http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/10/1027hotwired-banner-ads/ 2010 - 2010 The iPadApple releases the iPad. Magazine companies see apps on tablets such as the iPad as a possible way to gain many advertisers and readers in the digital era. An iPad Displaying Magazine Titles 1922 - 1922 Reader's DigestReader’s Digest is founded by DeWitt and Lila Wallace. 1925 - 1925 The New YorkerThe New Yorker is founded, and quickly becomes a preeminent forum for long-form journalism and fiction. 1950 - 1979 Activist MagazinesGay rights organizations like the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis begin to publish alternative magazines (the Mattachine Review and The Ladder) advocating for the civil and political rights of gay and lesbian Americans. 1990 - 1995 ZinesYoung third-wave feminists begin to publish “zines”: creative, collage-driven, Xeroxed handmade magazines that promote feminist causes. 2012 - 2012 Seventeen pledges to limit altering of women's photosIn response to an online petition by a 14-year-old reader, Seventeen magazine pledges not to digitally alter the body sizes or face shapes of the young women it features. 2015 - 2015 Charlie Hedbo ShootingsTwo gunmen open fire in the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo, a French satirical weekly magazine, killing 12 and prompting worldwide debate over freedom of expression, violence and the limits of satire. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpvz7w6ilNk Charlie Hebdo: Paris terror attack kills 12 2015 - 2015 Apple replaces Newsstand AppApple ends its Newsstand app, and launches News, a new content-aggregation app that allows magazines and other publishers to deliver their content directly to users. 2018 - 2018 Flipboard Users Hit 145 MillionThe magazine app, Flipboard, founded in 2010, hits a record hit of 145 million users and 11,000 publishers contributing content to the app. 2018 - 2018 Meredith Acquires Time Inc.Iowa-based publishing company, Meredith, becomes the largest publisher in the U.S. after its acquisition of Time Inc. Chapter 10: The Recording IndustryChapter RecapChapter 10 Recap Like many other industries, the recording industry has been strongly affected by digital technologies, but the industry remains vocal in its claims of the devastating effects of piracy and video streaming services, which make money from advertising on music but which provide little compensation to music publishers or copyright holders. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of Records
An Overview of the Modern Recording Industry
Production and the Recording Industry
Distribution in the Recording Industry
Exhibition in the Recording Industry
Ethical Issues in the Recording Industry
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline- 1880 Sheet Music PublishingMuch sheet music publishing in the U.S. was facilitated by music stores or “serious” music publishers. The music publishing industry was relatively small. Music stores did sell songs that became popular through minstrel troupes or touring singers. 1877 - 1877 The PhonographThomas Edison invents the first phonograph. The device records sound on a foil-covered cylinder. To play back the recording, the person would connect the needle to a hollow horn, place the stylus on the cylinder, and turn the crank. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGJR2DZBfF0 Invention of Phonograph 1885 - 1885 The GraphophoneChichester Bell (cousin of Alexander Graham Bell) and Charles Tainer introduce the graphophone, which improves upon the phonograph by using a wax-covered cylinder for recording rather than the phonograph’s more fragile tinfoil surface. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZqta2LVWo Wax Recording History - Media Recording History 1870-1900 1887 - 1887 The GramophoneEmile Berliner patents the gramophone, the first recording device to use flat disks rather than cylinders. The 12-inch discs have wide grooves play back at 78 revolutions per minute (RPMs). Berliner develops a system for using the zinc disks to make molds that would press out copies of the records on hard rubber. The molds can be used to make copies in almost unlimited numbers, thus making the disc more efficient than the cylinder. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhgKsFcetyk History of the Gramophone 1906 - 1906 The VictrolaThe Victor Talking Machine Company, led by a former colleague of Berliner, introduces the Victrola, an easy-to-use gramophone that is also a piece of furniture. The product helps speed adoption of the disc and solidifies the strength of Berliner’s Victor Talking Machine Company. Eventually the discs are pressed on both sides. Because of their wide grooves and 78 RPM speed, they are limited to less than five minutes of recording per side. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlgramo.html 1910 - 1910 Record SalesRecord sales hit 30 million. The number reflects the growing popularity of phonographs (both cylinder and disc players). The recordings from all the manufacturers are acoustic. That is, the sound waves themselves move the needle creating the record grooves. No microphone amplifies the sound. 1912 - 1912 Disc ProductionEdison’s company begins producing discs. Consumers prefer Berliner’s flat discs over the cylinders because they sound better and are easier to store without breaking. 1914 - 1914 The ASCAPThe American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) is founded as the first U.S. performing rights organization by Victor Herbert in New York City. The aim is to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, who are mostly writers and publishers associated with New York City's popular-music business neighborhood, called Tin Pan Alley. ASCAP's earliest members included the era's most active songwriters — Irving Berlin, Otto Harbach, James Weldon Johnson, Jerome Kern, and John Philip Sousa. http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/bio/C290 1916 - 1916 Sheet Music SalesSheet music sales fall dramatically. The public prefers to listen to recordings more than to learn to play the music. Prices fall to 10 cents from 40 cents in 1902. Songwriters begin to make most of their money from recordings rather than sheet-music sales. 1920 - 1929 Electric RecordingsA number of firms (most prominently Bell Telephone) work to develop “electric recordings,” which Victor Talking Machine and Columbia Phonograph release in 1926. Electric recordings involve the use of microphones to amplify the sounds of the artists who are recording the sound on records. This development transforms recordings, as they now can pick up sounds that are softer and more subtle than the acoustic technology could. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eVr0X5UTVI “Mr. Jelly Lord” by Jelly Roll Morton’s Incomparables (Gennett Electric 1926) 1920 - 1929 Commercial RadioThe development of commercial radio threatens record sales. Certain music genres radio stations won’t play—such as jazz, blues, hillbilly music, and ethnic songs—keep record companies going. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuKx93NTgZ0 Oldtime Radio Documentary “The First 50 Years” The History of Radio Part I 1929 - 1929 Corporations MergeVictor Talking Machine Company merges with the Radio Corporation of America, owner of the NBC radio networks. An indicator of radio’s power over music and competition with the recording industry. 1930 - 1939 The Great DepressionThe Great Depression hits the recording industry hard. Sales collapse to one tenth of previous levels as people rely more on radio for music. By 1935 only two major U.S. record companies remain in business, Victor and Columbia-Brunswick. 1939 - 1949 New Music Rejuvenates SalesRecord sales rebound as a result of swing bands and celebrity musicians. The new bands such as those led by Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller encourage youngsters to buy records. Radio begins to be seen as a way of publicizing records rather than as a competitor. 1948 - 1948 The Long-Playing RecordCBS introduces the LP (long-playing record). The new product is a 12-inch, fine-grooved disc played at a speed of 33 1/3 RPM. Each side of a 12-inch LP can play for more than 20 minutes—much longer than the traditional record. A year later RCA introduces a 45 RPM, 7-inch record that allows more time than the traditional record but less than CBS’ invention. Many record players allow for three record speeds—the traditional 78 RPM as well as the 45 RPM and 33 1/3 RPM. The “45s” tend to be used for an artist’s single song on each side, while the 33 1/3 becomes the actual long-playing record. Long-playing records allow musicians to try out ideas that were much longer and more conceptual than the traditional three-minute song that has been standard since the start of records. http://www.history-of-rock.com/record_formats.htm 1950 - 1959 Emergence of Radio StationsThe rise of television leads radio stations to emphasize music as an economical element and to compensate for types of programming lost to TV. Development of formats allows greater targeting of audiences by record companies. College radio stations, for example, become useful vehicles for introducing “alternative” music, which most commercial stations would not touch until it had sold well in stores. Recording executives hate that they must rely on the interests of radio programmers to get their music out to potential customers. The pressure to get “airplay” encouraged bribes with money, drugs, and other gifts, and produced a number of scandals. 1950 - 1969 Technological Improvements ArriveImprovements in technology encourage the purchasing of recorded music, driven by teen-oriented rock ‘n’ roll radio. First was the introduction of the longer-playing record formats, which permitted longer recordings. Second, the sound quality of records was enhanced by the introduction of high-fidelity and stereophonic record players. Third, almost unbreakable vinyl replaced highly breakable shellac as the material for making records. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqEeP6YPkGM RCA Victor - Living Stereo: 1958 Vinyl Records Educational Documentary 1960 - 1969 Audiotape TechnologyAudiotape technology gives musicians more freedom in creating music. It also encourages manufacturers to create lightweight players that play music cartridges. The idea of recording and playing sound on tape originated in Germany in the years leading up to World War II; German tape recorders were discovered by Allied soldiers toward the end of the war. Tape technology allows musicians to create different sound tracks and then edit and combine them into the finished recording. Cartridge tape players powered by transistors and light batteries change the way audiences buy and listen to music. Now the albums of their choice were portable. For the first time, people could take them to the park or the beach and even play them in their cars. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxRs2UESCjE http://vintagecassettes.com/_history/history.htm RCA Victor - RCA Victor Presents…A Revolution in Tape 1963 - 1963 Compact TapesPhillips releases the first compact cassette tape and recorder. 1981 - 1981 MTVWarner Cable starts the MTV (Music Television) cable network. The twenty-four hour network provides an opportunity for recording companies to reach target audiences beyond radio using music videos. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6jz65YRCy8 History of MTV 1983 - 1983 The Compact DiscThe compact disc is introduced. Analog sound reproduction is replaced by digital. The recording industry promoted the CD as an alternative to the standard vinyl record; it argued that CDs had superior sound, were more durable, and would never wear out. Although there were skeptics (and there still are), recorded music sales surged as people rebuilt their collections of records and tapes with CDs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut_40U0t9pU How It’s Made: Compact Discs 1999 - 1999 NapsterNapster P2P (peer-to-peer) file-sharing service is launched. It allows for the illegal distribution of copyrighted music and begins an era of rampant music “piracy.” Although people had long been making copies of records through their tape recorders, the analog duplication method degraded the sound quality, while digital reproductions are identical to the originals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP1N-U4VGFM 1999-2011 The History of Napster: Two Extremes with the Same Name
2001 - 2001 The iPodApple releases its iPod. The iPod makes it possible to for people to store up to 1000 songs and listen to digital MP3 files in a sleek, portable format. Although other MP3 players started entering the market in 1998, the iPod quickly became the standard for portable digital music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saijiY36pzY iPod History (2001-2010) 2003 - 2003 iTunes StoreApple allows users to purchase songs on iTunes, its online music store. In addition to selling full albums, customers have the option to purchase individual songs starting at $0.99 each. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2n86TROxzY Apple Music Event 2003-iTunes Music Store Introduction 2003 - 2003 Recording Industry LawsuitsThe Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) files 261 lawsuits against people it claims have illegally downloaded and distributed copyrighted music. 2003 - 2003 Tracking of Digital Music SalesNielson SoundScan, a sister company of the industry trade magazine Billboard, begins to include digital music sales in its famous popularity charts in which they provide sales data about the most popular albums and singles. Digital music has become mainstream. http://www.youtube.com/user/BillboardMagazine YouTube for Billboard Magazine 2011 - 2011 Digital Music SalesDigital recordings make up a bit more than 50% of the unit sales of recordings in the U.S. Digital music has become mainstream and is having a major impact on how the record industry functions since fewer and fewer people are purchasing full albums online or physical CDs at the stores. http://money.cnn.com/2012/01/05/technology/digital_music_sales/index.htm 2014 - 2014 Streaming ServicesStreaming music sales outpace CD sales for the first time 2014 - 2014 Tracking of Streaming ServicesBillboard begins to track on-demand streaming (via sources like Spotify and Google Play) as a component of its Billboard 200 chart, which tracks the top 200 albums of the week. 2015 - 2015 Rise of Streaming ServicesJay-Z and other celebrity musicians announce the launch of Tidal, a more artist-led service than others that offers higher-quality sound. Apple debuts Apple Music, a subscription streaming service to make up for the downtown in its sales of individual songs and albums on iTunes. 2017 - 2017 Artists Percentage of RevenuesA Citigroup report states that music artists received only 12 % of the $43 billion industry in 2017. 2018 - 2018 Stream Ripping32% of consumers worldwide illegally download music through stream ripping, according to IFPI (International Federation of Phonographic Industry.) Chapter 11: The Radio IndustryChapter RecapChapter 11 Recap Digital sources of music, including MP3s and online streaming services, have deeply affected terrestrial radio, which attempts to compensate through targeting specific audience segments and joining online activities. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of RadioThree themes emerge in the history of radio (see Figure 11.1 for a timeline of radio’s history):
An Overview of the Terrestrial Radio Industry
Production in the Radio Industry
Distribution in the Radio Industry
Exhibition in the Radio Industry
Radio and the New Digital World
Traditional Radio’s Responses to Digital Music
Media Ethics and the Construction of Radio AudiencesThree questions to ask about audience research (345-346):
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1895 - 1895 Morse CodeItalian inventor and engineer Guglielmo Marconi succeeds in sending wireless messages over long distance using Morse code. The company reinforces radio’s commercial shipping and naval military potential. Radio operators hear the code via headphones. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9d8abHBjP7s Guglielmo Marconi Showing Demo of Radio TX/RX 1896 - 1896 The Radio TransmitterMarconi patents the first radio transmitter. Because the Italian government shows no interest in Marconi’s find, he takes it to England, where people quickly see its value to the far-flung British Empire. The Marconi Company is formed to equip the commercial and military ships of England, the United States, and other countries with wireless telegraphy for communicating with one another and with shore points around the world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM3JEUk6Q2s Guglielmo Marconi and the Invention of Radio 1900 - 1900 Reginald FessendenReginald Fessenden manages to broadcast speech and music with Marconi’s device. This technology further increases the technology’s business and military utility. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hursvj69An8 Guricht: Birth of Radio 1907 - 1907 The Audion Vacuum TubeU.S. inventor Lee de Forest patents the Audion vacuum tube. This invention makes it possible for people to listen to the radio in groups through speakers. He envisioned stations sending out continuous music, news, and other material that people can listen to in various venues, including their homes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6IeuC8DSvg AT&T Archives - Bottle of Magic 1912 - 1912 The Radio Act of 1912Congress passes Radio Act of 1912. It empowers the Secretary of Commerce to issue licenses to parties interested in radio broadcasting and to decide what frequencies should be used for what kinds of services. The broadcasters could use any frequency they wanted, as long as the frequency they used was within the designated range of public frequencies. 1917 - 1919 The U.S. Navy and Domestic RadioDuring World War I, the U.S. Navy takes control of domestic radio for military purposes. After the war, the Navy seeks Congressional permission to retain control over radio for reasons of national security. The rationale is that if enemies of the United States got control of radio stations, they could disseminate propaganda that could be damaging to the interests of the country. 1919 - 1919 Privatization of Radio BroadcastsCongress decrees that broadcasting is to be a privately sponsored enterprise. They have major broadcast patents. Their goal is to control the new radio business through patents on the transmission and reception of signals. Vintage Radio 1920 - 1920 Radio Companies Begin StationsWestinghouse Corporation founds KDKA radio station in Pittsburgh with the purpose of providing programming over the air so people will buy Westinghouse radio sets. The station is the nation’s first commercial broadcast station. RCA, GE, and AT&T also start stations during the next few years. Stores also get in on the action, using in-store stations as publicity for the radios they sell. Sears in Chicago calls its station WLS, World’s Largest Store. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMujQke4mMo http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dt20ra.html KDKA Pittsburgh—1st Commercial Broadcast 1922 - 1922 Selling of Radio SpotsAT&T allows the Queensboro Realty Company to pay $50 each for five “talks” on AT&T’s New York City radio station, the WEAF. Queensborough’s aim is to extol properties it has for sale. This activity marks the start of radio advertising. 1926 - 1926 Emergence of Radio NetworksThe earliest radio networks, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and United Independent Broadcasters, are founded. By that time, AT&T had sold its broadcast stations to RCA, so the company owned two stations in New York. It therefore started two NBC networks, the Red and the Blue, which carried different programs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljMYdnrfky4 1926-NBC 1926 - 1926 NBC RadioThe earliest radio network, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is formed. 1927 - 1927 Columbia Broadcasting SystemUnited Independent Broadcasters is reorganized into the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). Though it struggled during its early months, CBS eventually stabilized and became a formidable competitor to NBC. 1927 - 1927 Federal Radio Commission (FRC)The Radio Act of 1927 creates the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to issue radio licenses and bring order to nation’s radio airwaves. Because until now any station with a license can claim any radio frequency, stations are broadcasting on top of one another. The FRC kicks some stations off the air and tells the remaining ones the maximum power at which they could broadcast. These stations getting the best deals are generally commercial broadcasters, and often they are network affiliates. Educational and religious stations were consigned to inferior positions on the dial, if they stayed on the air at all. http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Federal_Radio_Commission.html 1933 - 1944 FDR’s Fireside ChatsNews slowly develops into an important part of radio. The major networks create their own news divisions and beef them up during the Spanish Civil War and the outbreak of World War II in Europe. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt recognized the importance of radio for informing the nation and embarked on a series of radio talks to promote his administration’s policies—these popular broadcasts became known as “fireside chats.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jt9f-MZX-58 Fireside Chat 1 1920 - 1939 Entertainment on the RadioVaried entertainment genres develop in radio. Network radio programs include morning talk shows, afternoon soap operas, and after-school children’s programs as well as music variety programs, situation comedies, and drama series in the evenings. The networks also schedule weekend public service programs. Local stations schedule variety and talk programs, carry syndicated radio shows (sent to them on records), and play recorded music. Ratings companies develop to measure programs’ popularity. Many of the actors on the radio shows become major stars the many of the shows being aired last for years. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRp2u8d7lrg Early 1930s Radio Broadcasting 1934 - 1934 The Federal Communications ActThe Federal Communications Act of 1934 turns the Federal Radio Commission into a larger Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The Act also held that the spectrum on which radio waves are broadcast constitute a public resource, and in return for the use of this resource, the FCC retained the right to make certain demands of broadcasters. The FCC is empowered to review station activities and revoke their licenses if they are not operating in “the public interest, convenience and necessity.” The law does not spell out the meaning of this phrase, and the revocation of a license is extremely rare. 1933 - 1939 Frequency Modulation (FM) RadioColumbia University engineer Edwin Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM) radio. From the start, leading radio executives realized that the static-free sound of FM was far superior to the sound produced by the AM (amplitude modulation) technology upon which existing radio transmitters and sets were based. Broadcasters worried that their huge investment in AM would be threatened if they developed FM as a substitute. They also worried that the development of a whole new set of FM stations would reduce their profits by dividing both audiences and advertising money. So they pressured the FCC to stall the allocation of FM radio stations. The companies that have FM stations simply use them to simulcast their AM programming. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7W81WCb4yg Tribute to Armstrong and History of FM 1945 - 1945 American Broadcasting Company (ABC)NBC Blue is sold and becomes the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Over time, ABC becomes a radio and television broadcast powerhouse. 1947 - 947 Transistor RadioThe transistor is invented as a smaller and more efficient replacement for the Audion vacuum tube. The invention leads to the minimization of radio receivers. Now radio is something that people can literally take with them throughout the day. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdEG_5zIsks Invention of the Transistor 1948 - 1950 Radio Networks Become Television NetworksNBC, CBS, and ABC begin to shift the profits of their radio networks into building television networks. Some of radio’s biggest stars—Jack Benny, George Burns, Ed Wynne—moved their programs to TV, and a number of other entertainers—Milton Berle, Sid Caesar—become major celebrities as a result of the television. Advertisers follow these stars and begin purchasing ad spots on TV. 1950 - 1959 Music Takes Over the RadioAudiences and advertisers leave network radio for television. Local radio stations begin to program specific types of music to reach audiences. “Rock and Roll” stations aimed at the growing teen market become popular. Local radio stations thrive as transistor radios allow people to listen to radio music virtually everywhere. Suddenly, the medium had a new life, and companies rushed to get new radio licenses from the FCC. The number of stations jumps dramatically, from about 1,000 in 1946 to nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. 1965 - 1965 FM Radio Separates Itself From AM RadioThe FCC passes rule that prohibits companies from simulcasting more than 50 percent of their AM broadcasts on their FM stations. FM stations, looking for things to play and not having many commercials, developed formats that played long cuts of songs or even entire albums, an approach that AM stations resisted. Many listeners migrated to FM; they liked the music and the static-free sound. 1970 - 2016 Programming for Specific AudiencesRadio stations increasingly tailor their programming for audience of particular social categories. Industry consultants helped station executives relate particular social categories (age, race, gender, ethnicity) to particular formats (album-oriented rock, Top 40, middle of the road, country, and multiple variations of these) to signal to people scanning the airwaves whether or not a station was for them. Modern Car Radio Interface 1979 - 1979 The WalkmanSony releases the Walkman, a portable cassette player. Sony also releases a compact and extremely lightweight headset for the player. The Walkman represented the first major outdoor competition with portable radio. People could buy or create cassette tapes and play them while walking, bike riding, or reading. By 1995, total production of the various Walkman models reached 150 million units. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs5FqAisIJc&list=PL27D87F839C13E92E Sony Walkman- Design Classics (series of three films) 1993 - 1993 Internet Talk RadioCarl Malamud creates the first internet talk radio station, calling it “Internet Talk Radio.” It is the first of several pioneering activities of the 1990s that experiment with streaming audio. http://museum.media.org/radio/ 1996 - 1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996Congress passes the Telecommunications Act of 1996. eliminating the cap on nationwide radio station ownership and deregulating the market substantially. This sparked the creation of large radio conglomerates, most notably Clear Channel Communications, which controlled large proportions of radio advertising in markets across the country. http://transition.fcc.gov/telecom.html 1999 - 2000 Satellite RadioThe first satellite radio companies, Satellite CD Radio (the precursor to Sirius Satellite Radio) and XM Satellite radio, develop, raising money to launch satellites into orbit shortly after the year 2000. 2000 - 2000 PandoraPandora streaming radio founded. Through this free streaming service, users can have Pandora generate their own “stations” by selecting artists that they like and providing feedback (“thumbs up” or “thumbs down”) on the songs the program puts on your station. While the station is free, users do have to listen to commercials every so often. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNWCyn9TTFc Pandora: An Inside Look at the New Service 2001 - 2001 Rhapsody MusicRhapsody Music allows people to choose their music. Similar to Pandora, except users have to pay a subscription fee to use Rhapsody. In exchange for paying for the fee, there are no commercials). Rhapsody also offers the opportunity for users to download music on the spot with the click of their mouse, for a discounted rate. The service also allows you to create custom playlists. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW92gd24K60 Explaining the Rhapsody Internet Service 2007 - 2007 Sirius XM RadioSirius and XM Satellite Radio merge into a single entity, Sirius XM Radio. 2008 - 2008 iHeartRadioClear Channel creates iHeartRadio, an internet radio platform that aggregates content from hundreds of stations nationwide. This is the first foray of a large radio company into the increasingly competitive world of streaming radio. This service allows users to create custom radio stations, with links to hundreds of existing popular radio stations under the Clear Channel umbrella. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhQSr2SugXA What is iHeartRadio? 2015 - 2015 Radio Stations Remain PopularThere are 15,455 licensed radio stations in the U.S. 2015 - 2015 Sirius XM Radio experiences growthEight years after the merger, Sirius XM radio claims a larger audience than any other radio broadcasting company in America, with 28.4 million subscribers. 2015 - 2015 SpotifySpotify, the internet streaming music service, hits 20 million paid subscribers and 75 million active users. Chapter 12: The Movie IndustryChapter RecapChapter 12 Recap In the hands of a small number of distributors, the global reach of today’s movie industry raises questions about its influence and impacts on cultural diversity and local cultures. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of Motion PicturesThree themes emerge when we consider the development of motion pictures: (see the timeline)
An Overview of the Modern Motion Picture Industry
Production in the Motion Picture Industry
Theatrical Distribution in the Movie IndustryMajor distribution firms have two mandates: to get the films they distribute into theaters and to market these films effectively to target audiences. Major distributors distribute their own work and the work of others. (366-369)
Theatrical Exhibition in the Motion Picture Industry
Convergence and Nontheatrical Distribution and Exhibition in the Motion Picture Industry
The Shift to Online and Mobile Downloads
The Problem of Piracy
Media Ethics and the Motion Picture Industry
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1790 - 1799 Introduction of Magic LanternsMagicians and other performers use the magic lantern, an early projection system, in shows. Those performances use slides to project mystical pictures onto smoke rising from canisters in darkened theaters. This activity was a predecessor to the projection of movies. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuM-aoaJHGk 1790’s: An 18th-Century Motion Picture: Carmontelle’s Figures Walking in a Parkland 1800 - 1815 The Illusion of Drawings MovingInventors create devices that make still drawings appear to move. The approach involves preparing a series of drawings of objects in which each drawing is slightly different from the one before it. When the drawings are made to move quickly, it appears to the viewer that the objects are moving. This early motion-picture process foreshadowed the one used in the creation of filmed “movies,” especially filmed animation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJqeJ48CPs A Brief History of Film: An Animated Documentary 1878 - 1878 Multiple Camera MotionIn California, photographer Eadweard Muybridge becomes the first successful photographer to capture motion, recording a galloping horse using multiple cameras. He sets up twenty-four cameras close to one another at a racetrack to capture the movement of a horse as it runs by. Muybridge later continues his stop-motion photography work at the University of Pennsylvania, where he explores the mechanics of movement. His work influences Thomas Edison. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEqccPhsqgA First Race Horse Film Ever 1878 Eadweard Muybridge 1889 - 1889 The KinetoscopeUnder the direction of his employer Thomas Edison, William Dickson invents a moving-picture device called Kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope projected the movie in a box designed for the motion picture to be viewed individually. Edison and Dickson used the flexible photographic film developed by George Eastman and managed to create the illusion of a moving object within the device. This marks the beginning of the motion picture as we know it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twQmAR7mUAU Edison’s Kinetoscope-Museu de Cinema 1894 - 1894 Commercial ExhibitionEdison invites people to use Kinetoscopes for a fee in New York City. It is the first commercial exhibition of motion pictures in history. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmZ4VPmhAkw Edison Kinetoscope Films: 1894-1896 1895 - 1895 Louis and Auguste LumièreLouis and Auguste Lumière patent a combination movie camera and projector. The Lumières train people around the world to show their movies using their equipment and they focus on documenting “real life,” such ass treet scenes and parades. The projection of movies is initially scorned by Edison, but he soon changes his mind. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q_SgMvTO-o Cinematograph Lumiere-Museu de Cinema 1896 - 1896 The Edison VitascopeEdison buys the rights to a projector invented by Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins and calls it the Edison Vitascope. Edison arranges for its public debut on April 23, 1896, in New York City. When the Vitascope premiers, the sensation of the evening is a film titled Rough Sea at Dover, made by Robert Paul. The view of waves crashing on Dover Beach is so realistic that people in the front rows actually shrink back in their seats, fearful of getting wet. Motion picture projection begins to take hold in the U.S. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CFjDwtrQNw Rough Sea at Dover 1902 - 1902 Voyage to the MoonGeorges Méliès produces Le Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon), a silent movie that becomes the earliest example of science fiction in film. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JDaOOw0MEE Voyage to the Moon/Le Voyage Dans la Lune (1902) 1903 - 1903 The Great Train RobberyEdwin S. Porter was a pioneer of early film editing. When moving pictures were first invented in the 1890s, a reel of film lasted approximately one minute. Early filmmaking practice was simply to point the camera at a scene, either outside or in a studio such as Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Laurie Dickson’s “the Black Maria,” and roll film until the film ran out. Whatever footage was shot was the moving picture, or “movie” for short. Georges Méliès took filmmaking a step forward by crafting individual scenes as vignettes (brief incidents or sketches), each of which lasted several minutes. These vignettes were then spliced together to form the larger film story that took roughly fifteen minutes to tell. Porter took filmmaking another giant leap forward with his work in film editing. He reduced film to its smallest possible element: the shot. By dividing a film into single units of shots instead of larger units of scenes or even whole reels of film, Porter maximized the medium’s stylistic and narrative potential. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69grwvuVEec&feature=player_embedded http://www.filmsite.org/grea.html The Great Train Robbery (1903) 1908 - 1908 Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC)The Edison company encourages formation of the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) (also known as the Movie Trust, the Edison Trust, or simply the Trust). It attempts to gain complete control of the motion-picture industry in the United States, primarily through control of patents. 1915 - 1915 The MPPC DissolvesThe Supreme Court rules that the MPPC violates antitrust laws and must cease its activities. This dissolution of the trust opens the road to competitors to the MPPC members and ultimately allows a new firms making films in Hollywood to control the industry. 1915 - 1915 Censorship in EntertainmentThe U.S. Supreme Court rules that movies are “entertainment” and so are not protected by the First Amendment’s free-speech guarantees. The rule encourages states and cities to ban objectionable movies or to require the studios to edit them in certain ways. Fearing an overwhelming number of different editing requirements, leading industry executives move toward self-regulation aimed to head off such censorship activities. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857201,00.html 1915 - 1915 Birth of a NationFilm Birth of a Nation, directed by W.D. Griffith, is released. Originally titled The Clansmen, the film Birth of a Nation was a controversial, but commercially successful film. The film techniques and captivating nature of this 3 hour film led to it being the first motion picture shown at the White House. Griffiths released Fall of a Nation in 1916—the first sequel in movie history. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9UPOkIpR0A Birth of a Nation by W.D. Griffith Trailer 1920 - 1929 Vertical IntegrationSeveral of the major Hollywood production and distribution firms—MGM, Warner Bros., Paramount, and Twentieth Century Fox—also own (or are owned by) large theater chains. This ownership structure is called vertical integration. It allows the movie companies to be sure they will be able to place the products they create in major theaters of major cities. 1920 - 1929 The Studio SystemThe major Hollywood production and distribution firms—Paramount, MGM, Twentieth Century Fox, Warner Bros., Columbia, and Universal—develop the “studio system,” which features long-term contracts for film stars, high production values and centralized creative control by studios. The studio system helps cement the power of the major producer-distributors. It is comprised of two elements: (1) a “star system” through which the place actors under contract and cultivate their careers; and (2) an A and B movie system, through which expensively produced movies (A pictures) garner prestige and less expensive ones bring profits. Through an activity called “block booking,” theaters receive A pictures only if they agree to accept the studio’s B pictures. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JzgQQrB3qY The Big Picture-Hollywood History 101-Part 1 1922 - 1922 The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)The major studios form the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. By creating a movie “code” accepted by the major studios, the MPPDA manages to stave off government regulation and keep the studios in control of their products. It also sets a precedent for self-regulation in other media industries, including radio, television, and comic books. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_RTnd3Smy8 http://mppda.flinders.edu.au/history/mppda-history/ Kodak 1922 Kodachrome Film Test 1927 - 1927 The Jazz SingerWarner Bros. studios risks a lot of money experimenting with sound in movies and releases The Jazz Singer. The Jazz Singer is the first full-length movie to incorporate speaking and singing actors. The film’s success leads the other major studios to rush to adopt sound for their motion pictures. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIaj7FNHnjQ Clips from The Jazz Singer: “Mammy” Al Jolson (The Jazz Singer performance) 1937 - 1937 Snow White and the Seven DwarfsRelease of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney. This is the first feature-length animated film and marks the first time a film’s soundtrack and movie-related merchandise was available to further bolster profits from the film. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kWr9e4JN5I Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Original Theatrical Trailer #1) 1937 1941 - 1941 Citizen KaneRelease of Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles. Though Welles was only 25 when the film preleased, the techniques he employed changed how films were created for years to come. Welles was 23 years old and had never made or starred in a Hollywood film before he did Citizen Kane-he had gained his celebrity doing radio programs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyv19bg0scg Citizen Kane The Theatrical Trailer 1942 - 1942 War Propaganda FilmsRelease of war propaganda films Why We Fight directed by Frank Capra in response to Leni Reifenstahl’s Triumph of the Will. This series of films by director Frank Capra (later famous for It’s a Wonderful Life and Mr Smith Goes to Washington) and commissioned by the U.S. War Department demonstrates early use of the film medium as a way to change public opinion. At the time of these films, the American public was not supportive of involvement in the war. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBtdTiHsQqI Why We Fight #1-Prelude to War 1948 - 1948 Antitrust Lawsuit SettledThe U.S. Justice Department settles an antitrust suit against Paramount, Warner, MGM, and Fox. The settlement forces the firms to split off their production and distribution divisions from the theaters where the films are exhibited. The agreement opens the major studios to competition with some independent production and distribution firms who now have access to theaters they could not enter when the major studios owned them. http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/1film_antitrust.htm 1950 - 1950 Winchester ‘73Release of Winchester ’73 by director Anthony Mann. The film was the first time an actor acted independent of the studio he was contracted to. Jimmy Stewart broke his contract with MGM and did a movie with Universal Studios for a smaller salary, but the condition that his salary be tied to the gross profit of the film. This is now standard practice in Hollywood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCu1RKphgos Winchester ’73 Trailer 1950 - 1950 Sunset BoulevardRelease of Sunset Boulevard by director Billy Wilder. First film to blend fiction and non-fiction and incorporate the realities of film-making into an actual film. The film features scenes involving the actual Paramount Studios and legendary directors Cecil B. DeMille, and Erich von Stroheim. As such, the film offers commentary on the new Hollywood Studio system. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6j8JXbV7JWI Sunset Blvd. (1950) Trailer 1950 - 1955 Fear of TelevisionThe major movie studios refuse to sell old movies to television or to make programs for TV. Movie executives declare that the audience will soon tire of the small screen and go back to the movie theater. It doesn’t work. By the late 1950s the movie majors realize television is here for good. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNugTWHnSfw The first movie shown on primetime TV was The Wizard of Oz (1939) on November 3, 1956 1950 - 1959 Surge in Television ViewingBy the late 1950s, about 90% of U.S. households own at least one television set. Among other reasons, the great surge in television viewing leads to a great drop in movie attendance. Realizing that creating a steady stream of A and B pictures is no longer viable, the major studios release far A pictures and mostly cease production of B pictures for the theaters. They dismantle the system that cultivated and controlled actors and actresses within the studio system. They also try to lure audiences back with wide screen technologies such as Cinemascope and Todd-AO. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkXHyOD2BQM http://www.tvhistory.tv/Annual_TV_Sales_39-59.JPG Early Television-“Magic in the Air” 1955 1952 - 1952 First Amendment ProtectionThe U.S. Supreme Court overturned its 1915 ruling and states that movies are entitled to First Amendment protection, marking the beginning of the decline of American film censorship. This decision leads producers and directors increasingly to ignore the motion picture association Hays Code and to compete with television industry, which has essentially adopted the code. Motion picture producers increasingly turn out pictures with scenes of violence, sex, addiction, and other subjects. 1953 - 1953 Widescreen Technology – The RobeRelease of The Robe, directed by Henry Koster. In direct response to the film industry’s growing concerns about losing customers to the increasingly popular television, Hollywood developed the anamorphic widescreen technology—making widescreen, colourful movies the new standard and distancing themselves from the black and white small TV screens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN1gya6cqUc The Robe (1953) Clip 1954 - 1954 Disneyland Available for TelevisionThe Walt Disney movie studio sells a TV series, Disneyland, to the ABC Television Network. Though Disneyland is not a movie (it distributes its films through one of the majors), this step is nevertheless a major break in Hollywood’s refusal to sell content to television. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIrq3RFUQPU The Disneyland Story-Part 1
1955 - 1955 CheyenneWarner Bros. becomes the first major movie studio to create an original series, Cheyenne, for a television network, ABC. This is the beginning of the major Hollywood firms’ relation with television. Apart from selling the networks and stations old movies, the studios sell them series—essentially what used to be the B pictures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0H_5PmY6Odg Cheyenne (Episode 1) “Mountain Fortress” 1960 - 1960 Television ownership increases87% of U.S. households own at least one television set, up considerably from just 9 percent of households in 1950. 1971 - 1971 The Video Cassette RecorderThe video cassette recorder (VCR) is introduced. It creates the movie rental industry. It also creates industry worries that criminals will copy the cassettes and sell them. This concern marks the beginning of large-scale concerns about piracy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHHSs_ilMDg TV Commercial for the Sony Betamax VCR#1 1977 1973 - 1973 WestworldWestworld becomes the first feature film to use computer-generated imagery (CGI). 1975 - 1975 JawsThis was the first movie to be marketed to the mass public through a series of primetime TV ads ahead of the nationwide release of the film. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONdwZEqUYt0 Jaws (1975) TV Spot 1977 - 1977 Star WarsRelease of Star Wars directed and written by George Lucas. Not only was the film wildly successful and profitable, but because Twentieth Century Fox could not foresee the success of this film, they allowed Lucas to keep 40% of merchandising rights in exchange for a smaller director’s salary. The profits on merchandise from the Star Wars franchise brought in millions of dollars—merchandising rights are now an important part of movie contracts. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP_1T4ilm8M Star Wars (1977) Original Trailer 1980 - 1999 Emergence of Multi-Media ConglomeratesWarner Bros., Twentieth Century Fox, Paramount, Universal, and Columbia become part of major international multi-media conglomerates. The conglomerates see their most important movies as major popular-culture events that start in theaters, cross many media, and result in spinoffs such as toys, clothes, books, and motion-picture sequels. 1995 - 1995 Toy StoryPixar’s Toy Story becomes the first computer-animated feature film. 1994 - 1994 International Box Office SuccessThe amount of box office money the U.S.-based major studios received from outside the U.S. exceeds the amount they receive within the U.S. for the first time. Increasingly, Hollywood movie firms consider international prospects of a film as critical to its success. 2000 - 2005 Rising Interest in DocumentariesDocumentary films rise in popularity as a commercial genre. 2009 - 2009 AvatarParamount releases James Cameron’s Avatar in 3D, which becomes the highest-grossing film of all time, earning over 2.8 billion gross worldwide. The popularity of Avatar in 3D—especially outside the U.S.—encourages the major studios to release an increasing number of movies in 3D. Estimated production costs are between $280 and $310 million plus $150 for marketing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRdxXPV9GNQ Avatar Trailer-The Movie 2012 - 2012 100 Years of StudiosMajor studies Paramount and Universal Studios mark their 100th anniversary in the industry. 2015 - 2015 Jurassic WorldJurassic World sets a record for the biggest global box office weekend in history, pulling in $524.1 million in a single weekend. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFinNxS5KN4 Jurassic World Trailer 2016 - 2016 AMC Acquires CarmikeAMC Entertainment, owned by Dalian Wanda Group, acquires Carmike Cinemas. They now control one out of five U.S. movie theaters. Chapter 13: The Television IndustryChapter RecapChapter 13 Recap Digital technologies have changed the ways in which we “watch television.” At the same time, advertisers are trying to find ways to address audiences through tighter and tighter targeting of their messages through different devices and platforms. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of TelevisionThree themes emerge in the historical developments of television (see Figure 13.1 for a timeline of television history):
An Overview of the Television IndustryThe contemporary industry can be divided into three increasingly converging parts (390):
Production in the Television Industry
Distribution in the Television Industry
Exhibition in the Television Industry
Media Ethics: Converging Screens, Social Television, and the Issue of Personalization
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1879 - 1879 Optimism in the UK for the Broadcast of Moving ImagesThe British humor magazine Punch publishes a picture of a couple watching a remote tennis match via a screen above their fireplace. Artists and intellectuals conceive of the possibility that moving images will be transmitted to the home. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telephonoscope.jpg 1882 - 1882 Optimism in France for the Broadcast of Moving ImagesA French artist drew a family of the future watching a war on a home screen. Artists and intellectuals conceive of the possibility that moving images will be transmitted to the home. 1884 - 1884 Scanning Disk SystemPaul Nipkow invents a scanning disk system to try to capture images wirelessly. His technology would influence the work of John Logie Baird and others in their pursuit of the best ways to transmit television images. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bbbi2DP8XzU Nipkow Spiral Disk 1907 - 1907 First Use of the Word, “Television”.Scientific American magazine uses the word “television.” A vocabulary is developing to describe this future medium. Click on the links below for more information on the origins of “television”: 1925 - 1925 John Logie BairdJohn Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television picture with a grayscale image. His continuing inventions would lead to a company to develop television and work with the BBC to transmit TV signals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5ZSXPMlumc John Logie Baird 1937 1928 - 1928 Broadcasting in the U.S. and U.K.Stations in New York and Washington, D.C., begin a limited array of live broadcasts, while in London the BBC had five-day-a-week programming by 1930. Following Baird, this television technology uses a whirring mechanical disk to scan the broadcast images. The mechanical technique has many drawbacks. 1931 - 1931 Transmission of Television SignalsVladimir Zworykin, employed by RCA and working with other inventors’ designs, develops the first successful electronic system for transmitting television signals. This electronic approach, using the cathode-ray tube, would eventually become the standard instead of the mechanical approach. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W40OktedXik Zworykin on the Invention of Television 1935 - 1938 Nazi GermanyFirst regular TV service operates in Nazi Germany. This system sends propaganda messages to specially equipped theaters, rather than to sets in people’s homes. International interest in the mechanical TV technology is high. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMecO38MZCc Television broadcasting in The Third Reich 1936 - 1936 The BBCThe BBC begins regular electronic TV broadcasts in London. Broadcasts are on air four hours a day from 1936-1939, with around 12,000-15,000 receivers, many in pubs. This leads to international interest in the mechanical TV technology. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOQCA0r1PZk 75 Years of BBC TV-History of the BBC 1938 - 1938 RCA’s Electronic TV TechnologyRCA introduces a television that scans images electronically rather than mechanically. Variations on this electronic rather than mechanical TV technology are the one that the world ultimately adopts. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jApD3VIZu_4 Television 1939 RCA Early Introduction to TV 1939 - 1939 The Birth of TelevisionRCA begins regular broadcasting during the formal ceremonies at the World’s Fair in New York. It appears then that TV will soon be a reality. However, development of television broadcasting is largely halted due to U.S. involvement in World War II (1941-45). In introducing the new medium during formal ceremonies at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York, President Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first U.S. president to appear on TV. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4hPX_PLC-o Retro TV-Birth of TV at World’s Fair 1946 - 1946 Beginning of Commercial BroadcastingCommercial broadcasting begins in earnest in the U.S., controlled by the firms that own major radio networks, NBC, CBS, and later ABC. 1948 - 1952 Freezing of TV LicensesFCC declares a freeze on new TV licenses. This is done in order to review its standards for television. It decides to use the desirable very high frequency (VHF) band of frequencies for channels 2 through 13, and an ultra high frequency (UHF) band of frequencies for channels 14 through 83. http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=freezeof1 1950 - 1960 Increase in Television SetsThe U.S. sees a rapid uptake of television sets: just 9% of homes had one in 1950, 87% by 1960. TV Set, Circa 1959 1949 - 1955 The Golden Age of TVThe major LA-area (Hollywood) movie studios refuse to sell movies or create programs for television. In the early 1960s they predict Americans will tire of the black-and-white box and return to the theaters. The TV networks decide that TV programs will originate in New York and air live. As during the heyday of radio, advertisers sponsor entire shows and their advertising agencies produce them. Critics look back on this era as the ‘golden age’ of TV, marked by original dramas written by high-quality talent such as Paddy Chayefsky (Marty), Rod Serling (Requiem for a Heavyweight) and Gore Vidal (Visit to a Small Planet). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZ7ND1o2OJA Clip from Requiem for a Heavyweight 1950 - 1950 The Beginning of the Cable IndustryFirst community cable TV system is implemented in Lansford, PA. This activity marks the beginning of the cable television industry, initially called the Community Antenna Television. This first system allowed the town to pick up broadcast signals from far-away cities, and then transmit them to people’s homes via coaxial cable. http://www.bcapa.com/about/history.php 1951 - 1951 I Love LucyI Love Lucy is the first scripted situation comedy to be shot on film in front of an audience. Starring Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball, I Love Lucy is an enormous hit with audiences on CBS television. Movie and network executives are quick to recognize the advantages of having a hit on film, as it can be aired over and over. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fq4Abm-_U4Y “I Love Lucy” 50th Anniversary Favorite Episodes-Part1 1955 - 1962 TV Programs Go to HollywoodWarner Bros. sells a package of Westerns to the ABC television network for prime-time broadcasting. The sale marks the start of the major Hollywood studios’ relationship with the TV networks. Over the next few years, the major studios will become deeply involved in television program production. In general, production of television shows moves from New York to Hollywood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZoHpG9dxDY Cheyenne Nervous Barber 1950 - 2016 Nielsen RatingsThe A.C. Nielsen company’s rating system audits program viewing through an “audiometer” attached to the TV sets in a sample of American households. The ratings become the ultimate designators of program popularity. TV network, station, and advertising executives use the Nielsen ratings to determine whether programs should continue or be canceled. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4jyhQnl5Vo Nielsen Ratings 101: Introduction 1957 - 1963 Changes to the Advertising ModelEspecially in prime time (the evening), the major networks change their advertising model from full sponsorship (one advertiser supporting a program) to participating (inviting multiple advertisers to support a program). Rather than owning programs and fully sponsoring them, advertisers now can buy the right to advertise within shows that the network owns or leases. The new approach helps the networks because it gives them more control over their schedules so that they can plan to maximize advertisers’ ability to buy time on various programs, thereby reaching people at different times and on different networks. 1960 - 1969 Power of Broadcasting CompaniesNBC, CBS, and ABC develop enormous power over broadcast television. They do it by implementing a strategy of vertical integration, controlling production, distribution, and exhibition for much of their programming. They control production by insisting that many of the production firms from which they purchase shows give them part ownership of the programs before they air. They control distribution through their ownership of powerful networks and through their insistence on controlling syndication: the licensing of programs they air to local stations (after their prime time run) and to TV systems around the world. And they control exhibition by owning stations in the largest U.S. population centers. This power of the networks over programming concerns critics who argue that the networks are creating a sameness for television with the goal of selling the largest possible number of people to advertisers for each program. Producers also complain to the FCC. They argue the government should prohibit the networks’ requirement to share ownership and syndication rights with networks if they want the show to air. 1970 - 1970 Federal RegulationsListening to critics of network power, government agencies establish prime time access and financial syndication (fin-syn) rules, aimed at curtailing the power of the major TV networks. The FCC encourages independent producers by forcing the networks to stop supplying programming to local stations for a half hour of evening programming (typically 7:30-8) during prime time. In addition the Justice department prohibits ABC, NBC, and CBS from owning most of the entertainment programming they air, and it limits their involvement in producing shows for syndication. The hope is to encourage new producers to participate in the television system. In actuality, the 7:30-8 slot becomes a place for inexpensive quiz and reality shows that local stations purchase instead of producing their own public affair programs. 1972 - 1972 Expansion of Cable TVThe Federal government allows the expansion of cable television into metropolitan areas and for it to carry original programming. Until now, the government has protected broadcasters from competition from cable companies by not allowing them to do more than act as antenna services for the broadcasters in communities that cannot receive good broadcast signals. This expansion of cable TV’s mandate opens a new era in television. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2006/R1138part1.pdf 1976 - 1976 Satellite CommunicationThe U.S. government allows businesses to use satellite communication. These activities mark the beginning of nationally distributed programming specifically to cable television subscribers. Time Incorporated begins to send its relatively new Home Box Office (HBO) pay-movie service to cable companies via satellite. At around the same time, Ted Turner arranges for his local Atlanta television station to be sent to cable systems around the country via satellite. He suspects he will increase his advertising revenues that way. 1979 - 1979 Increase in Broadcast StationsNew FCC rules result in an increase in the number of UHF broadcast stations. Airing mostly old TV shows, movies, and sports, these stations managed to garner high enough Nielsen ratings and find enough advertisers to sustain themselves. Eventually, many will become part of the Fox Television Network. 1979 - 1979 NickelodeonWarner Cable Communications launches Nickelodeon children’s cable network. This channel provides a reason for families with young children to subscribe to cable TV. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tBFmMkQxs8 Nickelodeon Promos 1979 1986 - 1986 The Fox NetworkRupert Murdoch launches the Fox Network. The number of independent TV broadcasters around the United States is great enough to convince media mogul Rupert Murdoch that he could accomplish a feat no one had been able to do since the 1950s: start a fourth network that could compete seriously with the Big Three. On the strength of a popular Saturday morning children’s line-up and quirky, youth-oriented evening programs, it managed to draw advertisers and become a permanent TV fixture. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lgw0D2wYtZA Rupert Murdoch-The Life and Times of a Media Mogul 1994 - 1994 Satellite TVDirecTV begins direct-to-home satellite services, followed by the Dish network in 1996. Originally a substitute for cable in rural areas where it wasn’t available, satellite TV carried up to 150 channels to a plate-sized receiver on a subscriber’s house. It further expands Americans’ choices and numbers of television signals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaCTLWTqWhQ Direct TV Commercial 1998 1999 - 1999 DVRsThe first Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), which allow viewers to record shows for later viewing, pause live TV, and skip commercials, are introduced. 1999 - 1999 NetflixNetflix begins offering its subscription-based DVD-by-mail service. 2007 - 2007 QuarterlifeQuarterlife, a series produced by Marshall Herskovitz and Edward Zwick about twenty-something artists, appears in eight minute segments on MySpace and its own site. Quarterlife is indicative of early attempts to create television programming for the internet. The Quarterlife website claims the program was the first Internet series to have been created with a website that facilitated social-network discussions of the show. Briefly in 2008, NBC television aired web episodes stitched together as hourly programs. Some of those episodes also showed up on NBC and Hulu websites. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9ZimvNBeIo “Quarterlife” Part I 2013 - 2013 Video On-DemandCable video on demand (VOD) grows in popularity, helping cable companies keep subscribers and offering hundreds of thousands of new viewers for network shows. 2015 - 2015 Cord CuttingThe success of online video streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and HBO GO leads to a 20 percent drop in traditional TV viewership by young adults since 2011. 2015 - 2015 Rise of Non-Linear TV Viewing76 percent of American households DVR, subscribe to Netflix, or use VOD service through a cable provider 2018 - 2018 Non-Broadcast Networks Sweep EmmysNetflix (with 7), HBO (with 6) and Amazon (with 5) the major winners of Emmy awards with traditional broadcast (ABC, NBC, CBS) programming winning only 2 awards. Chapter 14: The Video Game IndustryChapter RecapChapter 14 Recap Video games are immensely popular among a variety of audiences, including older adults and women, and like other media discussed in this book, they are appearing across devices and platforms. Chapter Objectives:
The Rise of the Video Game IndustryThree themes emerge within the historical development of the video game industry. Though a chapter entirely dedicated video games might seem unusual, as an industry they fit within the patterns seen in previous chapters, especially convergence. (419, see Figure 14.1 for a timeline of video game developments)
The Contemporary Shape of the Video Game Industry
Distribution and Exhibition of Video Games
Video Games and Convergence
Media Ethics: Confronting Key Issues
FlashcardsPractice QuizRecommended Readings
Interactive Timeline1931 - 1931 Coin-Operated Pinball MachinesDavid Gottlieb introduces the first coin operated pinball machines. Using a spring ball launcher, the player hopes to rack up the most points by hitting various elements on the board. Pinball machines become part of the attractions of entertainment arcades—commercial locations featuring coin-operated machines such as fortune tellers and shooter games. Couple Enjoying a Pinball Game 1947 - 1947 Humpty Dumpty Pinbal GameGottlieb introduces Humpty Dumpty pinball game. It is the first pinball game to add player-controlled flippers to keep the ball in play longer and added a skill factor to the game. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtFjyrN4Q40 1947 Gottlieb Humpty Dumpty Pinball Machine in Action 1948 - 1948 Cathode Ray Tube Amusement DeviceGoldsmith and Mann develop a ‘cathode ray tube amusement device’ on which knobs and buttons are used to simulate firing a missile onscreen. They receive the first patent for a device that pointed to the possibility of video gaming. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_WUb-1C010 Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1947) 1958 - 1958 The First Video GameScientists at the Brookhaven National Laboratory set up a video tennis game, an early percursor to Pongand the first video game designed to be played on a display screen. This game used an oscilloscope and two simple controllers to simulate hitting a ball over a net, and was displayed for play during the institution’s annual visitors’ day. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PG2mdU_i8k The Original Video Game 1961 - 1961 Spacewar!MIT students create Spacewar! The first influential video game, in which two players controlled spacecraft which fired missiles at each other. The game was distributed widely amongst early computer enthusiasts. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rmvb4Hktv7U Spacewar! (MIT 1962) 1971 - 1971 Galaxy GameCoin-operated Galaxy Game, the first commercial video game, is installed in Stanford University's student union. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVprIIDDLYY Galaxy Game (1971 Computer Recreation Inc.) on MAME 1972 - 1972 OdysseyThe Magnavox company releases Odyssey. Using interchangeable cartridges, it is the first home video game console. It sells 100,000 consoles the first year. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2EIsnr_cv4 Magnavox Odyssey TV Ad February 1973 1976 - 1976 Mattel’s Auto RaceMattel introduces Auto Race, the first handheld electronic game device. Other companies follow with single-game handheld devices. It is not until 1979 that Milton Bradley takes the next technological step, with interchangeable games. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isejBX1Tyjk Mattel Electronics Auto Race 1977 - 1977 Atari 2600Atari releases its 2600 console. Atari sells over 30 million units of the console. By the early 1980s it is releasing popular titles such as Pong, Space Invaders and Pac-Man. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJNbhekKShI Atari 2600 Commercial 1977 1978 - 1985 The Golden Age of Video GamesArcade games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong and Space Invaders peak in popularity in what is often called the “golden age of video arcade games.” 1979 - 1979 Video Games Increase in PopularityVideo arcade games overtake pinball machines in popularity. By 1983, there are over 1.5 million arcade machines in North America, with revenue of around $7 billion annually. Teenagers Playing Atari’s Asteroids 1979 - 1979 MicrovisionMilton Bradley develops the Microvision handheld game device. It is considered the first console with interchangeable cartridges. Though not successful commercially, it pointed the way to Nintendo’s Game Boy. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt5JuHMBvEw MB Games Microvision-Ashens 1983 - 1983 Emergence of Computer GamesA major economic downturn befalls the console industry. The downturn in consoles opens the way for computer-based games. Companies sell disks that can be used on specific computers—for example the Commodore 64, the Apple II, and the IBM PC. Strategy video games and simulation video games catch on as particularly appropriate for computer play, including Dune (strategy) and SimCity (simulation). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHcYe2sQ-I The Video Game Crash of 1983—Continue? 1983 - 1983 Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs)The GamBit company in Minnesota introduces Scepter of Goth, the first commercial online role-playing game in the United States. This type of game became known as as multi-user dungeons (MUDs). They are the predecessors of today’s multi-player online role-playing games (MMORPGs), such as World of Warcraft. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgYuJczGv8o MMO Part 1-Crawling Through the Mud 1984 - 1984 TetrisCreated in Russia during what was then the U.S.S.R. by Alexey Pajitnov, Tetris is credited with launching the casual gaming industry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhwNTo_Yr3k BBC - Tetris - From Russia with Love 1985 - 1985 Super Mario BrothersSuper Mario Brothers, released by Nintendo is often credited with saving the gaming industry after the 1983 crash due to its immense popularity. It also popularized the use of “side scrolling” video games so that the scenery and levels of the game could shift. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABwNrxE6Y90 Super Mario Bros History (visual tour) 1985 - 1985 NintendoNintendo introduces the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) video game console in the United States. With popular games such as Super Mario Bros and The Legend of Zelda, it helps to revive the console industry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePPkNSOyMes Nintendo Part 1-Leave Luck to Heaven 1986 - 1986 The Legend of ZeldaRelease of Legend of Zelda, from Nintendo. This game went on to become one of Nintendo’s most successful franchises. It introduced new features that are now standard in video games—such as the ability to save where you are and a targeting system for 3D fighting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdZ4rw5yep0 Video Game History Month-Legend of Zelda 1989 - 1989 Game BoyNintendo releases the Game Boy handheld game console. It is not the first such device, but it does popularize the form. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GErk7fMiatQ Nintendo Game Boy (1989) First Game Boy TV Commercial 1995 - 1995 The PlaystationSony releases the Playstation. As the first console to used CDs rather than cartridges, it allows for greater complexity than previously, including 3D graphics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6-IRBlttoA Playstation 15th Anniversary Documentary 1996 - 1996 Meridian 59 and QuakeThe 3DO company releases Meridian 59, the first massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG). The same year, the first-person shooter game Quake pioneered multiplayer interaction over the internet. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N5VtGVmvxU Meridian 59 Gameplay 2001 - 2001 HaloRelease of Halo. Although it was not the first (or last) first-person shooter or game linked to an online console, it is the gold standard of this genre in the industry. The Halo franchise has also been successful with their marketing campaigns, ads, and branding outside of video games which have included partnerships with big name brands like Frito Lay, Super Bowl commercials, graphic novels, toys, an anime program, and more. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4AOQkb4jNU Halo Retrospective-The Complete History of Halo
2004 - 2004 Handheld Gaming ConsolesRelease of the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. These handheld consoles, especially the DS, prove popular with younger and middle-aged consumers, outside the traditional target market for video games. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOCpoow1Tz4 PSP vs. DS 2003 - 2003 Second LifeLinden Lab launches Second Life, a MMORPG featuring a virtual world that avatars can explore—complete with a currency with a real-world exchange rate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQkYBbM9YyM Review of Second Life 2005 - 2005 Guitar HeroRelease of Guitar Hero. Packaged with a Gibson-guitar-like controller, this game launched a music-themed game cultural fad in North America. Guitar Hero has gone on to be used in educational settings and medical rehabilitation facilities.. In 2011, Activision got rid of the Guitar Hero division of the company after poor sales due greatly to the presence of more and more music-themed games. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVyWcUHPWUU http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2011/02/guitar-hero-canceled/ Guitar Hero Gameplay 2006 - 2006 Nintendo WiiNintendo releases the Wii. Featuring a motion-sensitive controller and appealing to a wider demographic, it sells over 90 million units. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLlS0OPzzmo Nintendo Part 6-Wiidemption 2010 - 2010 KinectMicrosoft introduces the Kinect motion sensing input device for the Xbox 360, allowing users to interact with games without a controller. After selling a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days, the Kinect holds the Guinness World Record of being the fastest selling consumer electronics device. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzfpXAbQ61U Microsoft Kinect Motion 2012 - 2012 Zynga acquires OMGPOPZynga purchases OMGPOP for $180 million. 2015 - 2015 Gaming Subscription ServicesNVIDIA releases GeForce Now, a subscription-based cloud gaming service that allows users to stream games to their devices from the digital cloud. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1iKGtRwWkw GEForce Now Advertisement Career ResourcesGeneralThese large-scale career websites offer a broad variety of employment-related information and services. All of these sites feature many career resources, including job postings, job application advice, career descriptions, job fair listings, career blogs, message boards, and recruiter directories. These sites have much to offer the first-time job seeker in any arena, including all media industries.
General Media Industry SitesThese sites offer a range of positions across multiple media, from entry level to midcareer to advanced.
MEDIA INDUSTRY JOB SITESThese leading sites offer a broad variety of employment-related information and services within specific media industries. Although their focus is more specific, their offerings are similar to those of the general sites listed earlier. For both seasoned professionals and those looking for their first entry-level position, the following sites are a tremendous resource. Media Bistrowww.MediaBistro.com Publishers Marketplacewww.publishersmarketplace.com/jobs/ Mandywww.Mandy.com National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundationwww.broadcastcareerlink.com Asian American Journalists Associationwww.aaja.org/career_center National Association of Black Journalistswww.nabjcareers.org National Association of Hispanic Journalistswww.nahj.org Society of Professional Journalists: Career Centerjobs.spj.org Radio Television Digital News Associationhttps://www.rtdna.org/ IRE: Investigative Reporters & Editorswww.ire.org/jobs Online News Associationhttps://careers.journalists.org National Academy of Television Arts & Scienceshttp://jobbank.emmyonline.org/ Public Broadcasting Servicehttp://www.pbs.org/about/careers/job-openings/ Varietyhttps://careers.variety.com UNC Center for Media Law and Policy Job Boardhttps://medialaw.unc.edu/jobs/ INTERNSHIPSCheck the following for internship opportunities related within certain media industries. Check the general and media industry job sites as well. Brkman Center for Internet and Societyhttps://cyber.harvard.edu/getinvolved/internships_summer Comcasthttps://jobs.comcast.com/university-relations/internships-coops Federal Communications Commissionhttp://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/internships-available-fcc Academy of Television Arts and Scienceshttps://www.emmys.com/foundation/programs/internship/categories National Public Radiowww.npr.org/about-npr/181881227/want-to-be-an-npr-intern New York Women in Communicationshttp://www.nywici.org PRIwww.pri.org/internships.html Free Presshttps://www.freepress.net/about/internships-fellowships Free Press offers the country’s premier internship in media reform. Every semester, a select handful of students are chosen as Free Press “Media Reform Scholars” and have the opportunity to make a difference in a movement that is both critical and cutting edge. Media Mattershttps://mmfa.bamboohr.com/jobs/ FAIRfair.org/internship-program/ Kaiser Media Internships and Fellowshipshttp://kff.org/media-internships-fellowships/ Go Abroadhttp://www.goabroad.com/intern-abroad/ PRWeekhttps://careers.prweekus.com/ Altice USA Internshipshttp://www.alticeusacareers.com/jobs/internship What is the role of mass media in communication?Mass media refers to media technologies used to disseminate information to a wide audience. The key function of mass media is to communicate various messages through television, movies, advertising, radio, the internet, magazines, and newspapers.
What are the 7 functions of media?The Media and its Function. Information. Sending and sharing of information is the major function of media. ... . Education. Media provides education and information. ... . Entertainment. The other important function of media is the entertainment. ... . Persuasion. ... . Surveillance. ... . Interpretation. ... . Linkage. ... . Socialization.. Why is it that people rarely question their own role in the mass communication process?Why is it that people rarely question their own role in the mass communication process? People participate almost without conscious effort.
Which aspect of mass communication distinguishes it from interpersonal communication?Interpersonal communication can be verbal or nonverbal. Most often, it happens in face-to-face settings. It differs from mass communication, which involves sharing meaning through symbolic messages to a wide audience from one source to many receivers.
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