Moralistic judgments where we imply the wrongness or badness of another person and the way they have behaved. Show Refers to words that relate to ideas or concepts that exist only in your mind and do not represent a tangible object. abstraction ladderA diagram that explains the process of abstraction. accentNonverbal communication that emphasizes a portion of a message or word rather than the message as a whole. accidental communicatioinWhen an individual sends messages to another person without realizing those messages are being sent. acting with awarenessPurposefully focusing one’s attention on the activity or interaction in which one is engaged. action modelCommunication model that views communication as a one-directional transmission of information from a source or sender to some destination or receiver. active friendshipsType of stabilized friendship where there is a negotiated sense of mutual accessibility and availability for both parties in the friendship. affect“Any experience of feeling or emotion, ranging from suffering to elation, from the simplest to the most complex sensations of feeling, and from the most normal to the most pathological emotional reactions. Often described in terms of positive affect or negative affect, both mood and emotion are considered affective states.” affect displaysKinesics that show feelings and emotions. affectionless psychopathyThe inability to show affection or care about others. affective orientationAn individual’s recognition of their own emotions and the emotions of others and reliance on these emotions during decision making processes. affiliationA connection or association with others. agapeSelfless love in which the needs of others are the priority. agentic friendshipsFriendships marked by activity. alexithymiaA general deficit in emotional vocabulary—the ability to identify emotional feelings, differentiate emotional states from physical sensations, communicate feelings to others, and process emotion in a meaningful way. ambiguous languageLanguage that has multiple meanings. analyzingThis is helpful in gaining different alternatives and perspectives by offering an interpretation of the speaker’s message. androgynousA person having both feminine and masculine characteristics. anonymous CMC identityPeople in CMC interactions can communicate in a manner where their actual identity is simply not known. anxious shynessThe fear associated with dealing with others face-to-face. appreciative listeningThe type of listening you engage in for pleasure or enjoyment. appropriate communicationCommunication tactics that most people would consider acceptable communicative behaviors. argumentA verbal exchange between two or more people who have differing opinions on a given subject or subjects. argumentativenessCommunication trait that predisposes the individual in communication situations to advocate positions on controversial issues, and to attack verbally the positions which other people take on these issues. ARPANETThe U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, which was the precursor to what is now known as the Internet. ArtifactsItems we adorn our bodies or which we carry with us. assertivenessThe degree to which an individual can initiate, maintain, and terminate conversations, according to their interpersonal goals during interpersonal interactions. asynchronous communicationA mediated form of communication in which the sender and receiver are not concurrently engaged in communication. attendingThe act of focusing on specific objects or stimuli in the world around you attentionFactor of mindful practice that involves being aware of what’s happening internally and externally moment-to-moment. attitudeFactor of mindful practice that involves being curious, open, and nonjudgmental. attractionInterest in another person and a desire to get to know them better. attribution errorThe tendency to explain another individual’s behavior in relation to the individual’s internal tendencies rather than an external factor. A form of social organization where individuals favor absolute obedience to an authority (or authorities) as opposed to individual freedom. autonomyAn individual’s independence in their behaviors and thoughts within a marriage relationship. avoidanceConflict management style where an individual attempt to either prevent a conflict from occurring or leaves a conflict when initiated. avoidingThe stage of coming apart where you are creating distance from your partner. Behavioral CQThe degree to which an individual behaves in a manner that is consistent with what they know about other cultures. beliefAssumptions and convictions held by an individual, group, or culture about the truth or existence of something. biasAn attitude that is not objective or balanced, prejudiced, or the use of words that intentionally or unintentionally offend people or express an unfair attitude concerning a person’s race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, disability, or illness. biased languageLanguage that shows preference in favor of or against a certain point-of-view, shows prejudice, or is demeaning to others. bondingThe stage of coming together where you make a public announcement that your relationship exists. bullyingForm of aggressive behavior in which a person of greater power attempts to inflict harm or discomfort on individuals and the behavior is repeated over time. buzz wordInformal word or jargon used among a particular group of people. career strategizingThe process of creating a plan of action for one’s career path and trajectory. catfishingDeceptive activity perpetrated by Internet predators where they fabricate online identities on social networking sites to lure unsuspecting victims into an emotional/romantic relationship. channelThe pathways in which messages are conveyed. ChronemicsThe use of time to communicate. circumscribingThe stage of coming apart where communication decreases. There are more arguments, working late, and there is less intimacy. clichéExpression that has been so overused that it has lost its original meaning. co-cultureRegional, economic, social, religious, ethnic, or other cultural groups that exerts influence in society. co-present interactionsWhen people are physically occupying the same space while interacting with one another. coercive powerThe ability to punish an individual who does not comply with one’s influencing attempts. cognitive complexityThe psychological characteristic that indicates the difficulty or simplicity associated with mental demand. Cognitive CQThe degree to which an individual has cultural knowledge. cognitive dispositionsGeneral patterns of mental processes that impact how people respond and react to the world around them. collective self-esteemThe aspect of an individual’s self-worth or self-image that stems from their interaction with others and evaluation of their various social groups. collectivismCharacteristics of a culture that values cooperation and harmony and considers the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of the individual. collegial peersType of coworker with whom we have moderate levels of trust, self-disclosure, and openness. colloquialismInformal expression used in casual conversation that is often specific to certain dialects or geographic regions of a country. commemorative friendshipsType of stabilized friendship that reflects a specific space and time in our lives, but current interaction is minimal and primarily reflects a time when the two friends were highly involved in each other’s lives. communal friendshipsFriendships marked by intimacy, personal/emotional expressiveness, amount of self-disclosure, quality of self-disclosure, confiding, and emotional supportiveness. communicationThe process by which we share ideas or information with other people. communication apprehensionThe fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. communication competenceCommunication that is both socially appropriate and personally effective. communication dispositionsGeneral patterns of communicative behavior. communication motivesReasons why we communicate with others. communication needsShows us how communication fulfills our needs. comparison levelMinimum standard of what is acceptable. comparison level of alternativesComparison of what is happening in the relationship and what could be gained in another relationship. CompassionThe sympathetic consciousness for someone who is suffering or unfortunate compatibleAble to exist together harmoniously. complementNonverbal communication that reinforces verbal communication. complementaryWhen one person can fulfill the other person’s needs. complianceWhen an individual accepts an influencer’s influence and alters their thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors. comprehension listeningListening for facts, information, or ideas that may be of use to you. concept-orientationFamily communication pattern where freedom of expression is encouraged, and communication is frequent and family life is pleasurable. An interactive process occurring when conscious beings (individuals or groups) have opposing or incompatible actions, beliefs, goals, ideas, motives, needs, objectives, obligations, resources, and/or values. confrontational behaviorsSpecific behaviors associated with confrontation or direct behaviors, involves name-calling, cruel teasing, ridicule, and verbal rejection directed at the target. connotationWhat a word suggests or implies; connotations give words their emotional impact. connotative definitionsThe emotions or associations a person makes when exposed to a symbol. contact frequencyThis is how often you communicate with another person. content levelInformation that is communicated through the denotative and literal meanings of words. contextual dialecticsFriendship dialectics that stem out of the cultural order where the friendship exists. contradictNonverbal communication conveying the opposite meaning of verbal communication. convergeAdapting your communication style to the speaker to be similar. conversationsInterpersonal interactions through which you share facts and information as well as your ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people. cost escalationsA form of relational disengagement involving tactics designed to make the cost of maintaining the relationship higher than getting out of the relationship. critical listeningTo analyze what the person is saying based on known facts and evidence. cross-group friendshipFriendship that exists between two individuals who belong to two or more different cultural groups (e.g., ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, nationality, etc.). cultural intelligenceThe degree to which an individual can communicate competently in varying cultural situations. cultureA group of people who, through a process of learning, can share perceptions of the world, which influence their beliefs, values, norms, and rules, which eventually affect behavior. culture as normativeThe basic idea that one’s culture provides the rules, regulations, and norms that govern a culture and how people act with other members of that society. cyberbullyingIntentional harm inflicted through the medium of electronics that is repeated over time. denotationThe dictionary definition or descriptive meaning of a word. denotative definitionsDefinitions for words commonly found in dictionaries. depersonalizationA form of relational disengagement where an individual stops all the interaction that is not task-focused or simply avoids the person. depressionA psychological disorder characterized by varying degrees of disappointment, guilt, hopelessness, loneliness, sadness, self-doubt, all of which negatively impact a person’s general mental and physical wellbeing. describingBeing detailed focused on what is occurring while putting it into words. deviant workplace behaviorThe voluntary behavior of organizational members that violates significant organizational norms and practices or threatens the wellbeing of the organization and its members. dialectical tensionHow individuals deal with struggles in their relationship. differentiatingThe stage of coming apart where both people are trying to figure out their own identities. directive supportThe factor of Hersey and Blanchard’s situational-leadership model that involves a leader overseeing the day-to-day tasks that a follower accomplishes. directnessThe least secretive of the strategies and involves asking the relational partner about his/her feelings toward the relationship and commitment to the relationship. Alternatively, an individual might disclose their feelings about the relationship with the hope that the relationship partner will reciprocate. disagreementA difference of opinion between two or more people or groups of people. discourseSpoken or written discussion of a subject. dismissing attachmentAttachment style posed by Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz describing individuals who see themselves as worthy of love, but generally believe that others will be deceptive and reject them in interpersonal relationships. distributive conflictA win-lose approach, whereby conflicting parties see their job as to win and make sure the other person or group loses. divergeAdapting your communication style to the speaker to be drastically different. dogmatismThe inclination to believe one’s point-of-view as undeniably true based on insufficient premises and without consideration of evidence and the opinions of others. dominant cultureThe established language, religion, behavior, values, rituals, and social customs of a society. dormant friendshipsType of stabilized friendship that “share either a valued history or a sufficient amount of sustained contact to anticipate or remain eligible for a resumption of the friendship at any time.” Dunning-Kruger effectThe tendency of some people to inflate their expertise when they really have nothing to back up that perception. durationThe length of time of your relationship. dysfluenciesSpeech problems that keep your speech from being as smooth and flowing as it could be. ease of opportunityWhen romantic workplace relationships happen because work fosters an environment where people are close to one another. effective communicationCommunication that helps an individual achieve a desired personal outcome. emblemsKinesics that are clear and unambiguous and have a verbal equivalent in a given culture. emoticonA series of characters and/or letters designed to help readers interpret a writer’s intended feelings and/or tone. emotional awarenessAn individual’s ability to clearly express, in words, what they are feeling and why. emotional blackmailTrying to influence someone’s behavior or persuade them to do something by making them feel guilty or exploiting their emotions. emotional intelligenceAn individual’s appraisal and expression of their emotions and the emotions of others in a manner that enhances thought, living, and communicative interactions. emotional lonelinessForm of loneliness that occurs when an individual feels that he or she does not have an emotional connection with others. emotional vampiresA colloquial term used to describe individuals with whom we interact that use more of our emotional resources when interacting with people, which often causes an increase in our levels of stress. emotionsThe physical reactions to stimuli in the outside environment. empathic listeningAttempting to put yourself in another person’s shoes or to provide a supportive listening environment. empathizingThis is used to show that you identify with the speaker’s information. empathyThe ability to recognize and mutually experience another person’s attitudes, emotions, experiences, and thoughts. endurance testForm of secret testing in which the partner is tested by engaging in actions that the partner might perceive to be a cost in the relationship. environmentThe context or situation in which communication occurs. erosRomantic love involving serial monogamous relationships. ethicsThe judgmental attachment to whether something is good, right, or just. ethnocentrismThe degree to which an individual views the world from their own culture’s perspective while evaluating different cultures according to their own culture’s preconceptions often accompanied by feelings of dislike, mistrust, or hate for cultures deemed inferior. euphemismReplacing blunt words with more polite words. evaluative listeningListening for a speaker’s main points and determining the strengths and weaknesses to formulate a rebuttal or present important points that may not have been covered. excuse-makingAny time an individual attempts to shift the blame for an individual’s behavior from reasons more central to the individual to sources outside of their control in the attempt to make themselves look better and more in control. experimentingThe stage of coming together “Small talk” occurs at this stage and you are searching for commonalities. expert powerThe ability of an individual to influence another because of their level of perceived knowledge or skill. expressiveRoles that are relationship-oriented. expressive communicationMessages that are sent either verbally or nonverbally related to an individual’s emotions and feelings. external locus of controlThe belief that an individual’s behavior and circumstances exist because of forces outside the individual’s control. An individual’s likelihood to be talkative, dynamic, and outgoing. eye gazeThe act of fixing your eyes on someone. faceThe standing or position a person has in the eyes of others. familyTwo or more people tied by marriage, blood, adoption, or choice; living together or apart by choice or circumstance; having interaction within family roles; creating and maintaining a common culture; being characterized by economic cooperation; deciding to have or not to have children, either own or adopted; having boundaries; and claiming mutual affection. fearful attachmentAttachment style posed by Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz describing individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love and generally believe that others will react negatively through either deception or rejection. feedbackInformation shared back to the source of communication that keeps the communication moving crward and thus making communication a process. feelingsThe responses to thoughts and interpretations given to emotions based on experiences, memory, expectations, and personality. feminineCultures focused on having a good working relationship with one’s manager and coworkers, cooperating with people at work, and security (both job and familial). followershipThe act or condition under which an individual helps or supports a leader in the accomplishment of organizational goals. formal languageSpecific writing and spoken style that adheres to strict conventions of grammar that uses complex sentences, full words, and third-person pronouns. genderThe psychological characteristics that determine if a person is feminine or masculine. genogramA pictorial representation of a family across generations that can be used to track generations of family interactions, medical issues, psychological issues, relationship patterns, and any other variable a researcher or clinician may be interested in studying. goalsExpectations about how the relationship will function. groupThree or more people interacting together to achieve a common goal. The study of touch as a form of communication. hearingA passive activity where an individual perceives sound by detecting vibrations through an ear. hedgeTo use words or phrases that weaken the certainty of a statement. heuristic functionThe use of language to explore and investigate the world, solve problems, and learn from your discoveries and experiences. high-context culturesCultures that interpret meaning by relying more on nonverbal context or behavior than on verbal symbols in communication. hyperpersonalCMC interactions that exceed those possible of traditional FtF interactions. ideal-selfThe version of yourself that you would like to be, which is created through our life experiences, cultural demands, and expectations of others. identificationWhen an individual accepts influence because they want to have a satisfying relationship with the influencer or influencing group. ideology of traditionalismMarriages that are marked by a more historically traditional, conservative perspective of marriage. idiomExpression or figure of speech whose meaning cannot be understood by looking at the individual words and interpreting them literally. illustratorsKinesics that emphasize or explain a word. imaginative functionThe use of language to play with ideas that do not exist in the real-world. immediacyphysical and psychological closeness importance to identityThe degree to which group membership is important to an individual. impression formationHow we present ourselves to others through our online persona. impression management"The attempt to generate as favorable an impression of ourselves as possible, particularly through both verbal and nonverbal techniques of self-presentation." independentsMarital definition where couples have a high level of interdependence, an unconventional ideology, and high levels of conflict engagement. indigenous peoplesPopulations that originated in a particular place rather than moved there. indirect suggestionsJoking or hinting about more serious stages of a relationships such as marriage or having children. individualismCharacteristics of a culture that values being self-reliant and self-motivated, believes in personal freedom and privacy, and celebrates personal achievement. individualityAspect of Murray Bowen’s family system theory that emphasizes that there is a universal, biological life force that propels organisms toward separateness, uniqueness, and distinctiveness. indulgenceCultural orientation marked by immediate gratification for individual desires. inflectionChanges in vocal pitch. influenceWhen an individual or group of people alters another person’s thinking, feelings, and/or behaviors through accidental, expressive, or rhetorical communication. informal languageSpecific writing and spoken style that is more colloquial or common in tone; contains simple, direct sentences; uses contractions and abbreviations; and allows for a more personal approach that includes emotional displays. information peersType of coworker who we rely on for information about job tasks and the organization itself. informational powerA social agent’s ability to bring about a change in thought, feeling, and/or behavior through information. initiatingThe stage of coming together where a person is interested in making contact and it is brief. instrumentalRoles that are focused on being task-oriented. instrumental functionThe use of language as a means for meeting your needs, manipulating and controlling your environment, and expressing your feelings. integratingThis is the stage of coming together where you take on an identity as a social unit or give up characteristics of your old self. integrative conflictA win-win approach to conflict, whereby both parties attempt to come to a settled agreement that is mutually beneficial. intensifyingThe stage of coming together where two people truly become a couple. intensityThe volume of your speech; how loudly or softly you express yourself. intentionFactor of mindful practice that involves being aware of why you are doing something. interaction modelCommunication model that views the sender and the receiver as responsible for the effectiveness of the communication. interaction variabilityThe ability to talk about various topics. interactional dialecticsFriendship dialectics that help us understand how communicative behavior happens within friendships interactional functionThe use of language to help you form and maintain relationships. interdependenceWhen individuals involved in a relationship characterize it as continuous and important. interdependentA relationship in which people need each other or depend on each other in some way, and the actions of one person affect the other. internal locus of controlThe belief that an individual can control their behavior and life circumstances. internalizationWhen an individual adopts influence and alters their thinking, feeling, and/or behaviors because doing so is intrinsically rewarding. internet characteristicsInternet characteristic that influence Internet relationships such as speed, reach, interactivity, and anonymity. internet infidelitySexual energy of any sort—thoughts, feelings, and behaviors—outside of a committed sexual relationship in such a way that it damages the relationship, and pretending that this drain in energy will affect neither one’s partner nor the relationship as long as it remains undiscovered. interpersonal communicationThe exchange of messages between two people. interpretingInterpretation is the act of assigning meaning to a stimulus and then determining the worth of the object (evaluation). intimacyClose and deeply personal contact with another person. intimate partner violenceIncludes physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression. intrapersonalSomething that exists or occurs within an individual’s self or mind. intrapersonal communicationCommunication phenomena that exist within or occurs because of an individual’s self or mind. introversionAn individual’s likelihood to be quiet, shy, and more reserved jargonThe specialized or technical language particular to a specific profession, occupation, or group that is either meaningless or difficult for outsiders to understand. Johari WindowA model that illustrates self-disclosure and the process by which you interact with other people. kinesicsThe study of visible means of communicating using body language such as eye behavior, facial expression, body posture and movement, and hand gestures. languageA system of human communication using a particular form of spoken or written words or other symbols. language adaptationThe ability to alter one’s linguistic choices in a communicatively competent manner language awarenessa person’s ability to be mindful and sensitive to all functions and forms of language. launching stagePeriod in a family life cycle when late adolescents leave the parental home and venture out into the world as young singles themselves. leader-member exchangeTheory of leadership that explores how leaders enter into two-way relationships with followers through a series of exchange agreements enabling followers to grow or be held back. legitimate powerInfluence that occurs because a person (P) believes that the social agent (A) has a valid right (generally based on cultural or hierarchical standing) to influence P, and P has an obligation to accept A’s attempt to influence P’s thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors. linguistic determinismThe perspective that language influences thoughts. linguistic relativityThe view that language contains special characteristics. listeningA complex psychological process that can be defined as the process of physically hearing, interpreting that sound, and understanding the significance of it. locus of controlAn individual’s perceived control over their behavior and life circumstances. lonelinessAn individual’s emotional distress that results from a feeling of solitude or isolation from social relationships. long-term orientationCultural orientation where individuals focus on the future and not the present or past. loveLove is a multidimensional concept that can include several different orientations toward the loved person such as romantic love (attraction based on physical beauty or handsomeness), best friend love, passionate love, unrequited love (love that is not returned), and companionate love (affectionate love and tenderness between people). love styleLove style is considered an attitude that influences an individual’s perception of love. low-context culturesCultures that interpret meaning by placing a great deal of emphasis on the words someone uses. ludusLove in which games are played. Lying and deceit are acceptable. MachiavellianismPersonality trait posed by Richard Christie where cunningness and deceit are exalted as a means of attaining and maintaining power to accomplish specific, self-centered goals. maniaObsessive love that requires constant reassurance. masculineCultures focused on items like earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge. Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsTheory of motivation proposed by Abraham Maslow comprising a five-tier, hierarchical pyramid of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Maternal Deprivation HypothesisHypothesis posed by John Bowlby that predicts that infants who are denied maternal attachment will experience problematic outcomes later in life. mediated communicationThe use of some form of technology to facilitate information between two or more people. membership esteemThe degree to which an individual sees themself as a “good” member of a group. Online discussion sites where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. metacognitive CQThe degree to which an individual is consciously aware of their intercultural interactions in a manner that helps them have more effective interpersonal experiences with people from differing cultures. metamessageThe meaning beyond the words themselves. microcultureCultural patterns of behavior influenced by cultural beliefs, values, norms, and rules based on a specific locality or within an organization. mindful awarenessTo be consciously aware of your physical presence, cognitive processes, and emotional state while engaged in an activity. mindful communicationThe process of interacting with others while engaging in mindful awareness and practice mindful practiceThe conscious development of skills such as greater ability to direct and sustain our attention, less reactivity, greater discernment and compassion, and enhanced capacity to disidentify from one’s concept of self. modelA simplified representation of a system (often graphic) that highlights the important components and connections of concepts, which are used to help people understand an aspect of the real-world. motivational CQThe degree to which an individual desires to engage in intercultural interactions and can easily adapt to differing cultural environments. narcissismA psychological condition (or personality disorder) in which a person has a preoccupation with one’s self. netiquetteThe set of professional and social rules and norms that are considered acceptable and polite when interacting with another person(s) through mediated technologies. noiseAnything that can interfere with the message being sent or received. nonconfrontational behaviorsBehaviors include spreading rumors, gossiping, and social manipulation. nonjudging of inner experienceBeing consciously aware of one’s thoughts, feelings, and attitudes without judging them. nonreactivity to inner experienceTaking a step back and evaluating things from a more logical, dispassionate perspective. nonverbal vocalizationA type of paralanguage that consists of sounds, noises, and behaviors that are often accompanied by body language. normsInformal guidelines about what is acceptable or proper social behavior within a specific culture. observingBeing aware of what is going on inside yourself and in the external environment. oculesicsCommunication involving eye behavior such as eye contact, gaze, and avoidance. olfacticsThe use of scent to communicate. organizingOrganizing is making sense of the stimuli or assigning meaning to it. ostracizedExcluded or removed from a group by others in that group. paralanguageVoice characteristics and nonverbal vocalizations that communicate feelings, intentions, and meanings. paraphraseTo restate what another person said using different words. perceptionThe process of acquiring, interpreting, and organizing information that comes in through your five senses. personal functionThe use of language to help you form your identity or sense of self. personal responsibilityAn individual’s willingness to be accountable for how they feel, think, and behave. personalityThe combination of traits or qualities such as behavior, emotional stability, and mental attributes that make a person unique. physical attractionThe degree to which one person finds another person aesthetically pleasing. physical bullyingInvolves hitting, kicking, pulling hair, strapping a female’s bra strap or giving a “wedgie.” pitchThe placement of your voice on the musical scale; the basis on which singing voices are classified as soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, or bass voices. platonicA close relationship that is not physical. postmodern friendshipFriendship where the “participants co-construct the individual and dyadic realities within specific friendships. This co-construction involves negotiating and affirming (or not) identities and intersubjectively creating relational and personal realities through communication.” powerThe degree that a social agent (A) has the ability to get another person(s) (P) to alter their thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors. power distanceThe degree to which those people and organizations with less power within a culture accept and expect that power is unequally distributed within their culture. pragmaLove involving logic and reason. preoccupied attachmentAttachment style posed by Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz describing individuals who do not perceive themselves as worthy of love, but do generally see people as trustworthy and available for interpersonal relationships. presenting the relationship to outsidersForm of secret testing in which the partner publicly declares their relationship status to gauge a partner’s response. private collective esteemThe degree to which an individual positively evaluates their group. procedural disagreementsDisagreements concerned with procedure, how a decision should be reached or how a policy should be implemented. professionAn occupation that involves mastery of complex knowledge and skills through prolonged training, education, or practical experience. professionalismThe aims and behaviors that demonstrate an individual’s level of competence expected by a professional within a given profession. proxemicsThe use of space to communicate. pseudonymity CMC identityIdentity that someone takes on that is beyond themself in the creation of CMC messages. public collective self-esteemThe degree to which nonmembers of a group evaluate a group and its members either positively or negatively. public communicationForm of communication where an individual or group of individuals sends a specific message to an audience. racismBias against others on the basis of their race or ethnicity. racist languageLanguage that demeans or insults people based on their race or ethnicity. real-life CMC identityWhen our CMC identity and our FtF identities are congruent. reasons for relational aggressionWomen’s explanations for relational aggression: (a) girls will be girls; (b) venting; (c) blaming the victim; (d) minimizing their role; and (e) regret receiverThe receiver decodes the message in an environment that includes noise. referent powerA social agent’s (A) ability to influence another person (P) because P wants to be associated with A. regulateNonverbal communication which controls the flow of conversation. regulatorsKinesics that help coordinate the flow of conversation. regulatory functionThe use of language to control behavior. rejection sensitivityThe degree to which an individual expects to be rejected, readily perceives rejection when occurring, and experiences an intensely negative reaction to that rejection. relational aggressionBehaviors that harm others. Harm is created through damaging social relationship or feelings of acceptance. relational bullyingThe manipulation of social relationships to inflict hurt upon another individual. relational dispositionsGeneral patterns of mental processes that impact how people view and organize themselves in relationships. relational maintenanceDegree of difficulty individuals experience in interpersonal relationships due to misunderstandings, incompatibility of goals, and the time and effort necessary to cope with disagreements. relationshipA connection, association, or attachment that people have with each other. relationship dialecticTensions in a relationship where individuals need to deal with integration vs. separation, expression vs. privacy, and stability vs. change. relationship levelThe type of relationship between people as evidenced through their communication. relationship maintenanceStrategies to help your relationship be successful and satisfying. relative languageLanguage that gains understanding by comparison. repeatNonverbal communication that repeats verbal communication, but could stand alone. representational functionThe use of language to represent objects and ideas and to express your thoughts. responsivenessThe degree to which an individual considers other’s feelings, listens to what others have to say, and recognizes the needs of others during interpersonal interactions. restraintCultural orientation marked by the belief that gratification should not be instantaneous and should be regulated by cultural rules and norms. reward powerThe ability to offer an individual rewards for complying with one’s influencing attempts. rhetorical communicationPurposefully creating and sending messages to another person in the hopes of altering another person’s thinking, feelings, and/or behaviors. rhythmVariation in the flow of your voice created by differences in the pitch, intensity, tempo, and length of word syllables. richnessThe potential information carrying capacity of data. right-wing authoritariansIndividuals who believe in submitting themselves to established, legitimate authorities; strict adherence to social and cultural norms; and the need to punish those who do not submit to authorities or who violate social and cultural norms. romantic relationshipsRomantic relationships involve a bond of affection with a specific partner that researchers believe involves several psychological features: a desire for emotional closeness and union with the partner, caregiving, emotional dependency on the relationship and the partner, a separation anxiety when the other person is not there, and a willingness to sacrifice for the other love. romantic workplace relationshipWhen two employees have acknowledged their mutual attraction to one another and have physically acted upon their romantic feelings in the form of a dating or otherwise intimate association. rulesExplicit guidelines (generally written down) that govern acceptable or proper social behavior within a specific culture. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisA theory that suggests that language impacts perceptions. Language is ascertained by the perceived reality of a culture. Indirect strategies individuals use to assess the state of their relationship. secure attachmentAttachment style posed by Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz describing individuals who believe that they are loveable and expect that others will generally behave in accepting and responsive ways within interpersonal interactions. Self-CompassionBeing touched by the suffering of others, opening one’s awareness to others’ pain and not avoiding or disconnecting from it, so that feelings of kindness toward others and the desire to alleviate their suffering emerge. Self-compassionBeing touched by and open to one’s own suffering, not avoiding or disconnecting from it, generating the desire to alleviate one’s suffering and to heal oneself with kindness. Self-compassion also involves offering nonjudgmental understanding to one’s pain, inadequacies and failures, so that one’s experience is seen as part of the larger human experience. self-conceptAn individual’s relatively stable mental picture of him or herself. self-conscious shynessFeeling conspicuous or socially exposed when dealing with others face-to-face. self-disclosureThe process of sharing information with another person. self-esteemAn individual’s subjective evaluation of their abilities and limitations. self-imageThe view an individual has of themself. self-monitoringThe theory that individuals differ in the degree to which they can control their behaviors in accordance with the appropriate social rules and norms involved in interpersonal interaction. self-worthThe degree to which you see yourself as a good person who deserves to be valued and respected. separatesMarital definition where couples have low interdependence, conventional ideology, and low levels of conflict engagement. separation testCreating physical distance to test the strength of the relationship. sexThe biological characteristics that determine a person as male or female. sexismBias of others based on their biological sex. sexist languageLanguage that excludes individuals on the basis of gender or shows a bias toward or against people due to their gender. sharingThe process of revealing and disclosing information about yourself with another. short messaging service (SMS)Communication technology allowing for the exchange of short alphanumeric messages between digital and mobile devices found in phones, the Web, or in mobile communication systems (commonly referred to as “text messaging”). short-term orientationCultural orientation where individuals focus on the past or present and not in the future. shynessDiscomfort when an individual is interacting with another person(s) in a social situation. sibling hostilityCharacteristic of sibiling relationships where sibling behaviors as causing trouble, getting into fights, teasing/name-calling, taking things without permission, etc. sibling warmthCharacteristic of sibiling relationships where sibling behaviors such as sharing secrets, helping each other, teaching each other, showing physical affection, sharing possessions, etc. silent listeningThis occurs when you say nothing and is appropriate for certain situations. similarityWhen romantic workplace relationships occur because people find coworkers have similar personalities, interests, backgrounds, desires, needs, goals, etc.… slangThe nonstandard language of a particular culture or subculture. The degree to which an individual sees another person as entertaining, intriguing, and fun to be around. Form of loneliness that occurs from a lack of a satisfying social network. Theory originally created by Altman and Taylor to explain how individuals gradually become more intimate as individuals self-disclose more and those self-disclosures become more intimate (deep). The degree to which we, as individuals, perceive another as a real person and any interaction between the two of us as a relationship. The perception and actuality that an individual receives assistance, care, and help from those people within their life. General patterns of mental processes that impact how people socially relate to others or view themselves. socio-orientationFamily communication pattern where similarity is valued over individuality and self-expression, and harmony is preferred over expression of opinion. sociocommunicative orientationThe degree to which an individual communicates using responsive or assertive communication techniques. sourceThe person initiating communication and encoding the message and selecting the channel. special peerType of coworker relationship marked by high levels of trust and self-disclosure; like a “best friend” in the workplace. spinThe manipulation of language to achieve the most positive interpretation of words, to gain political advantage, or to deceive others. stagnatingThe stage of coming apart where you are behaving in old familiar ways without much feeling. In other words, there is lost enthusiasm for old familiar things. state-of-the-relationship talkA form of relational disengagement where an individual explains to a coworker that a workplace friendship is ending. static evaluationLanguage shows that people and things change. stereotypeA set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a social group. storgeLove that develops slowly out of friendship. substantive disagreementA disagreement that people have about a specific topic or issue. substituteNonverbal communication that has a direct verbal translation. supportThe ability to provide assistance, aid, or comfort to another. supportive leadership behaviorThe factor of Hersey and Blanchard’s situational-leadership model that occurs when a leader is focused on providing relational support for their followers symbolA mark, object, or sign that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention symmetrical relationshipA relationship between people who see themselves as equals. synchronousA mediated form of communication in which the sender and receiver are concurrently engaged in communication. systemSets of elements standing in interrelation. task attractionThe degree to which an individual is attracted to another person because they possess specific knowledge and/or skills that help that individual accomplish specific goals. temperamentThe genetic predisposition that causes an individual to behave, react, and think in a specific manner. tempoThe rate of your speech; how slowly or quickly you talk. temporal regularityThe degree to which a couple sticks to a consistent schedule in their day-to-day lives. terminatingThis is a summary of where the relationship has gone wrong and a desire to quit. It usually depends on: problems (sudden/gradual); negotiations to end (short/long); the outcome (end/continue in another form). the hookupWhen romantic workplace relationships occur because individuals want to engage in casual sex without any romantic entanglements. third-cultureWhen a couple negotiates their cultural background with the cultural background of their partner essentially creating a third-culture or hybrid culture between the two. third-party testingInvolving a third party such as friend or family to gain insight into the relationship. timbre(pronounced “TAM-ber”) The overall quality and tone, which is often called the “color” of your voice; the primary vocal quality that makes your voice either pleasant or disturbing to listen to. timeWhen romantic workplace relationships occur because people put in a great deal of time at work, so they are around and interact with potential romantic partners a great deal of the average workday. togethernessAspect of Murray Bowen’s family system theory that emphasizes the complementary, universal, biological life force that propels organisms toward relationship, attachment, and connectedness. tolerance for disagreementThe degree to which an individual can openly discuss differing opinions without feeling personally attacked or confronted. traditionalsMarital definition where couples are highly interdependent, conventional ideology, and high levels of conflict engagement transactional modelCommunication model that demonstrate that individuals are often acting as both the sender and receiver simultaneously. triangle testManipulating a third party to gain information about the nature of the relationship. types of workplace bullyingWorkplace bullying involves isolation and exclusion, intimidation and threats, verbal threats, damaging professional identity, limiting career opportunities, obstructing work or making work-life difficult, and denial of due process and natural justice. uncertainty avoidanceThe extent to which cultures as a whole are fearful of ambiguous and unknown situations. uncertainty reduction theoryThe tendency of human beings to eliminate unknown elements of individuals whom they have just met. Individuals wish to predict what another person thinks and how another person behaves. Strategies for reducing uncertainty include passive, active, and interactive. undifferentiatedA person who does not possess either masculine or feminine characteristics. undifferentiated spaceThe degree to which spouses do not see her/his/their ownership of personal belongings as much as they do ownership as a couple. uses and gratifications theoryTheoretical explaination for why people use the types of mass media they do. valuesImportant and lasting principles or standards held by a culture about desirable and appropriate courses of action or outcomes. verbal aggressionThe tendency to attack the self-concept of individuals instead of, or in addition to, their positions on topics of communication. verbal bullyingIncludes threats, degrading comments, teasing, name-calling, putdown or sarcastic comments verbal surrogatesThe sounds humans make as they attempt to fill dead air while they are thinking of what to say next (e.g., uhh, umm). versatilityThe degree to which an individual can utilize both responsiveness and assertiveness that is appropriate and effective during various communication contexts and interpersonal interactions. vocabularyAll the words understood by a person or group of people. vocalicsVocal utterances, other than words, that serve as a form of communication. willingness to communicateAn individual’s tendency to initiate communicative interactions with other people. workplace bullying behaviorsWorkplace bullying involves isolation and exclusion, intimidation and threats, verbal threats, damaging professional identity, limiting career opportunities, obstructing work or making work-life difficult, and denial of due process and natural justice. The process by which new organizational members learn the rules (e.g., explicit policies, explicit procedures, etc.), norms (e.g., when you go on break, how to act at work, who to eat with, who not to eat with), and culture (e.g., innovation, risk-taking, team orientation, competitiveness) of an organization. What type of listening is used to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it?Critical listening involves evaluating a message either to accept it or reject it.
What stage of listening consists of judging the messages in some way?The evaluating stage of listening occurs when a listener judges the content of the message or the character of the speaker. The responding stage of listening occurs when a listener provides verbal or nonverbal feedback about the speaker or message.
What is essential listening process?The listening process involves five stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, remembering, and responding.
What is insensitive listening?Insensitive Listening– listening to information for its literal meaning and disregarding the other person's feeling and emotions (listeners rarely pick-up on hidden meanings or subtle nonverbal cues and have difficulty expressing sympathy and empathy).
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