Is an open source operating system that programmers developed based on a procedural language.

productivity tools; computer programs

a series of instructions to a computer to execute any and all processes, such as displaying text, mathematically manipulating numbers, or copying or deleting documents

enables users to complete a particular application or task, such as word processing, investment analysis, data manipulation, or project management

manages computer resources and performs routine tasks that are not specific to any application; enables application software to run on a computer, and manages the interaction between the CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices, and other computer components

process of writing programs; also known as “writing code” and “software engineering”

requires a programmer to literally create long strings of ones and zeroes to represent different characters and symbols, work that is no longer required thanks to programming languages and other software development tools

made programming somewhat easier because they aggregated common commands into “words”, although many of the “words” are not English-like

enable the use of English-like statements to accomplish a goal, and these statements are translated by special software into the machine language

locating and fixing programming errors; relatively easy in 4GLs

Visual Programming Languages

used by programmers to accelerate their work; let programmers create field windows, scroll-down menus, click buttons, and other objects by simply choosing the proper icon from a palette; Microsoft Visual Basic, Borland Delphi, Micro Focus COBOL, ASNA Visual RPG, & Visual C++

Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Languages

use a modular approach which offers two great advantages: ease of maintenance and efficiency in applications development

code produced by Java, JavaScript, and J2EE; can be executed well regardless of the operating system that the computer uses

a program as originally written

the same program as the source code in machine language; procedural languages need special programs to translate source codes into these

Programming Language Translators

two types: compilers and interpreters

scans the entire source code, looking for errors in the form (syntax) of the code

checks one statement at a time; if the first statement is free of syntactic errors, it interprets the statement into object code and makes the computer execute it

Application-specific Software

programs designed to perform specific jobs

General-purpose Application Software

programs that serve varied purposes, such as developing decision-making tools or creating documents; spreadsheets and word processors

ready to install from an external storage medium such as a CD or a file downloaded from a vendor’s Web site; general-purpose applications are available like this

applications that help employees in their routine office work; they include word processors, spreadsheets, presentation tools, file and database management software, graphics programs, desktop publishing tools, and project management applications, web browsers, as well as many others for more specialized purposes

used mainly to type letters, articles, and other text documents’ they also automate otherwise laborious tasks such as creating tables of contents and indexes; Microsoft Word, Corel WordPerfect, & Lotus WordPro

include a long list of complex mathematical, statistical, financial, and other functions that users can integrate into analysis models; no longer limit users to entering numbers and performing basic arithmetic calculations; Microsoft Excel

enable professionals and salespeople to quickly develop impressive presentations; Microsoft PowerPoint

File Management & Data Management Tools

enable the creation and manipulation of local or shared databases; Microsoft Access

make it easy to create intricate images and manipulate digital photographs; often used to create graphics to be placed on Web pages; Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paint Shop, MGI PhotoSuite, IrfanView, & Gimp

help managers of any type of project, such as building construction, product development, and software development, to plan projects and track their progress; Microsoft Project & Open Workbench

productivity tools offered together; example: Microsoft includes a word processor (Word), a spreadsheet (Excel), a presentation application (PowerPoint), a file management & data management tool (Access), and an e-mail application (Outlook)

a feature that enables a user to access additional information by clicking on selected text or graphics; the Web’s most essential ingredient

enable hypermedia features; part of other applications, such as some word processors and presentation tools

programs that can handle many different types of data; a powerful means of communicating because it does not limit the method of communication

integrated applications; applications that can be integrated with other software to create new, useful applications

programs that enable workers to collaborate in real time over the Web

applications that mimic sensory reality using software; create the illusion of experiencing situations through simulated sight, hearing, and touch, such as flying in an airplane or forging a piece of hot metal

representative figures of real people used in imaginary, virtual reality worlds

single most important program that runs on a computer and the most important type of system software; perform basic tasks such as recognizing input from the keyboard and mouse, sending output to the computer display, keeping track of files and directories (groups of files) on disks, and sending documents to the printer

Application Program Interfaces (APIs)

used for the operating system on which an application will run; software included in the operating system; used when application developers write code

hardware diagnostics, file comparison, file sorting, and the like; performed by OSs

refers to the efficient allocation of hardware resources to applications and includes tasks such as prompting the user for certain actions, allocating RAM locations for software and data, instructing the CPU to run or stop, allocating CPU time to different programs running at the same time, and instructing co-processors and peripheral equipment

makes the use of the computer intuitive and easier to learn; takes the form of easy-to-understand frames, icons, and menus

management of memory, especially RAM (the memory where data and program code must reside before being executed)

lets the user proceed as if significantly more RAM were available than really exists; uses the hard disk as an extension of RAM

an OS that can recognize a new device’s attachment and function without the user’s intervention immediately after the device is attached; the device too is referred to as a plug-and-play device

software that enables the OS to control a device, either one installed inside the computer box (such as a second video card) or an external device such as a flash memory drive

source code of software not public; developer retains the rights to sell or license the software

can obtain the source code free of charge, usually on the Web

Object-Oriented (OOP) Languages

An increasing amount of software is developed using _____

Software Development Tools

____ are even easier to use because they require practically no knowledge of programming languages to develop software

The list of preprogrammed functions in electronic spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel has become so comprehensive that some people refer to them as ____

off-the-shelf software package

Managers must decide whether a(n) ___ meets all of their needs. If it does, the company can simply purchase it

Web browsers are also included as ____ because they help so many employees to find and communicate information in their daily work

Without an ____ no application can run on a computer

OS development
Database Management Networking Security

The trend in ____ is to incorporate more and more services that used to be provided by separate software. These services include ____, ____, and ____

Operating systems are designed to work with particular ___. Different computers and types of ____ use different OSs

One of the most important qualities of an OS is its ____. A ____ OS does not cause the computer to freeze or produce error messages

____ is the best known open source operating system

Most of the software that organizations and individuals obtain is not purchased; it is ____

The most sophisticated virtual reality devices provide two important elements: ______ and ______

the transmittal of data and information from one point to another; essential to smooth operations in today’s business world

Better Business Communication

when no physical objects need to be transferred from one place to another, telecommunications technology can make geographical distance irrelevant

telecommunications has made business processes more efficient; any information that is recorded electronically can become immediately available to anyone involved in a business process even when the business units are located far apart

Better Distribution of Data

organizations that can transmit vital data quickly from one computer to another can chose not to have centralized databases; only fast, reliable transfer of data makes this efficient arrangement possible

availability of the Internet to millions of businesses and consumers has shifted a significant volume of business transactions to the Web; both businesses and consumers can shop, purchase, and pay instantly online

Flexible & Mobile Workforce

employees do not have to come to the office to carry out their work as long as their jobs only involve the use and creation of information; they can telecommunicate using Internet connections

services that used to be conducted through specialized dedicated channels can be conducted through alternative channels; for example, voice communication used to be conducted only through proprietary telephone networks but is now also conducted through the Internet, which decreased its cost

people sitting in conference rooms thousands of miles apart are brought together by their transmitted images and speech

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) File Sharing

anyone with access to the Internet can download one of several free applications that help locate and download files from any online computer; one of the most exciting features in worldwide telecommunications

speed at which data is communicated; also called the transmission rate or simply, the bit rate

a communications medium that can carry only one transmission at a time; dial-up connections through regular phone lines and Ethernet computer network connections

when a line is capable of carrying multiple transmissions simultaneously; cable television, DSL, fiber-optic cables, and most wireless connections

a popular medium for connecting computers and networking devices because it is relatively flexible

sometimes called TV or simply “cable” because of its common use for cable television transmission; widely used for links to the Internet

uses light instead of electricity to represent bits; lines are made of thin fiberglass filaments; a transmitter sends tiny bursts of light and no-light to receive the data bits; optical fiber systems operate in the infrared and visible light frequencies

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) & Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

because light is not susceptible to either of these, fiber optic communication is much less prone to error than twisted pair and radio transmission

high-frequency radio waves that can carry signals over long distances with high accuracy

Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)

also known as Power Line Communication (PLC); broadband service that is offered through power lines

combination of devices or nodes (computers or communication devices) connected to each other through one of the communication media previously discussed

computer network within a building, or a campus of adjacent buildings; usually established by a single organization with offices within a radius of roughly 5-6 kilometers (3-4 miles)

in office LANs, one computer that is often used as a central repository of programs and files that all connected computers can use

LAN in which no central controls communications

offer significant benefits: installation is easy because there is no need to drill through walls to install wires, and equipment can be moved to wherever it is needed; less costly to maintain when the network spans two or more buildings; more scalable

ease of expanding a system

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

usually links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan region and typically spans a distance of up to 50 kilometers (about 30 miles)

a far-reaching system of networks; one is composed of multiple LANs or MANs that are connected across a distance of more than approximately 48 kilometers (or 30 miles)

Value-added Networks (VANs)

provide enhanced network services; fulfill organizational needs for reliable data communications while relieving the organization of the burden of providing its own network management and maintenance

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

offer services similar to VANs; cost much less than VANs

Personal Area Network (PAN)

a wireless network designed for handheld and portable devices such as PDAs, cell phones, and tablet or laptop computers, and is intended for use by only one or two people

Network Interface Card (NIC)

each computer or device connected to a network must have proper networking circuitry; connects through a cable or a wireless antenna to a hub, switch, bridge, or router, which in turn connects to a LAN or WAN

a common device often used as a central location to connect computers or devices to a local network

like a hub, except that it is more “intelligent”; communications that go through this go only to designated devices on the network rather than all devices attached like with a hub

device that connects two networks, such as a LAN, to the Internet

routes data packets to the next node on their way to the final destination; can connect dissimilar networks and can be programmed to also act as a firewall to filter communications

a word contracted from modulator-demodulator; device whose purpose is to translate communications signals from analog to digital, and vice versa

very slow (usually no faster than 56Kbps) so most users and small businesses have turned to faster connections that use digital signals throughout the connection, such as DSL and cable connections

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

a “tunnel” through the Internet or other public network that allows only authorized users to access company resources

a dedicated channel is established for the duration of the transmission

a message is broken up into packets (a group of bits transmitted together); each packet includes sender and destination information, as well as error detection bits and a packet number that indicates the packet’s place in the file transmitted, that is, in the packets’ sequence

a high-speed packet-switching method used in WANs

set of rules that govern communication between computers or between computers and other computer-related devices that exchange data

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

set of related protocols; TCP ensures that the packets arrive accurately and in the proper order, while IP ensures delivery of packets from node to node in the most efficient manner

highest speed communication channels

a computer connected directly to the Internet backbone

a 32-bit numeric address, presented in four parts separated by periods, such as 146.186.87.220

the domain name resolution (process of associating a character-based name such as course.com with an IP address) service

permanent IP addresses assigned to servers and many other computers and devices

a temporary IP address assigned to a computer connected to the Internet intermittently for the duration of its connection only

the only LAN protocol of significance

different generations of Ethernet that support speeds from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to over 1 Gbps

family of wireless protocols, collectively known as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

allows a single Wi-Fi router to be connected to it and is, in turn, connected to a wired network and usually to the Internet, allowing tens to hundreds of Wi-Fi equipped devices to share the Internet link

a direct link to a wireless router or AP creates one of these; allow Internet access to anyone within range who uses a wireless-equipped device, provided logging in is not limited by controlled access codes

ability to scramble and code messages through encryption keys that are shared only between the sender and receiver

named after a Scandinavian king who unified many tribes; developed for devices that communicated with each other within a short range of up to 10 meters (33 feet) in the office, at home, and in motor vehicles

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

increases the range and speed of wireless communication

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

functions similarly to cell phone communications, because it controls communication from stationary towers; purpose is to provide mobile communication that is compatible with IP services

speed of receiving from the network

speed of transmitting into the network; usually much lower than downstream speeds

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

data remains digital throughout the entire transmission; it is never transformed into analog signals

point-to-point dedicated digital circuits provided by telephone companies; T1 line is made up of 24 channels (groups of wires) of 64 Kbps each; T3 lines are made up of 672 channels of 64 Kbps; both are expensive; only businesses that must rely on high speeds are willing to accept the high cost of subscribing to the service

point-to-point transmission between two stationary devices, usually between two buildings, as opposed to mobile wireless, in which people carry a mobile device

when the optical fiber reaches the subscriber’s living or work space; subscribers simply connect their computer, or LAN’s router, to the optical fiber socket in the wall

high connection speed services that have high fees; provided through optical fiber lines

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

standard for software that digitizes and compresses voice signals and transmits the bits via the Internet link

EPC (Electronic Product Code)

when a tag is used to identify a product, it contains one of these; the interrogator, a combination of an antenna, a transceiver, and a decoder, emits a signal activating the RFID tag so the interrogator can read data from it and write data to it

the closest receiver
the transceiver phone

When a call is placed on a cellular phone, the signal is first transmitted to ____ which sends a signal through landlines that dial the desired phone number. If the receiving phone is also mobile, the call is communicated to _____

Businesses use ____ to save on travel costs and lodging, car fleets, and the time of highly salaried employees, whether they work in different organizations or at different sites of the same organzations

geostationary (GEO)
low earth orbit (LEO)

Two major types of satellites are ____ and ___. Both types serve as radio relay stations in orbit above the earth that receive, amplify, and redirect signals

____ allows reception at a much faster rate than transmission, that is, it is faster downstream than upstream

The most important and pervasive set of protocols for telecommunications and networks today is ____

____ can be very tiny, about the size of a rice grain, or several square inches, depending onthe amount of information they need to contain and the environment in which they are used

____ is known as a contention-based protocol, because devices on the network "contend" with other devices on the network for transmission time

Once an organization connects its information to a _____ security becomes a challenge

MAN, PAN, LAN, WLAN, etc.

Main types of communications media

Traditional File Approach

no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data

has the mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data

wastes storage space (and, consequently, money) and is inefficient; when corrections or modifications need to be performed, every change has to be made as many times as the number of locations where the data appears, which takes time and might introduce errors; inaccuracies hurt data integrity

characteristic that the data represents what it is supposed to represent and that it is complete and correct

any object about which an organization chooses to collect data

smallest piece of data (like a letter in a first or last name, or a digit in a street address)

made up of multiple characters; one piece of information about an entity, such as the last name or first name of a student, or the student’s street address

Database Management System (DBMS)

program used to build databases, populate them with data, and manipulate the data

messages sent by a database that request data from specific records and/or fields and direct the computer to display the results

Database Administrator (DBA)

has the ability to implement security measures for databases

consists of tables; its roots are in relational algebra; a record or row is called a tuple and a field or column is called an attribute and a table of records is called a relation

combines data from two or more tables

the field by which records in a table are uniquely identified

combination of two or more fields that together serve as a primary key

repeated field that is a primary key in one table and a foreign key in another

created when a group of employees belongs to only one department

Which of the following is the definition of an open source product?

What is programming language how computer program is related with a programming language?

What is computer language called?

Which of the following is a basic function that an operating system performs in the operation of a computer system?