Cultural self-containment Show
a group whose cultural standards and world view are determined by the group itself; lack self consciousness. In other words a group of people who stay within their own community and set their own standards as far as culture and beliefs are concerned. They are not aware/conscious of themselves outside of their group (pre and post slavery). Example: Early African Americans. Freedom weakened this. Culturally marginal situation when a group posed between two worlds absorbs the culture of the more dominant group enjoys its privileges and status and identify with its cultural traditions. (Levine) It is the “two-ness” that African Americans experience as a result of their life in a White dominated America. Example: Blacks after emancipation stuck between staying with their own race or branching out and becoming educated like the whites. The blacks after emancipation were somewhat stuck between two worlds. describes the way in which African Americans began to learn how to live both in and outside the group by altering their language. So, they spoke slang, vernacular around their own kind and Standard English around whites. Double Consciousness ("Twoness") W.E.B Dubois- conflict resulting from wanting to be American and fit into American Culture, but also preserving your black identity part of cultural marginality. Also he describes it as "the sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others" a sociological display within the Palace of Social Economy at the Paris Exposition of 1900. W.E.B. Dubois assembled a series of photographs for it. Founder of the NAACP (goal to break African American ethnic barriers), launched a magazine called Crisis, compiled a series of photographs for the "American Negro" exhibit at the 1900 Paris Exposition (363 images into albums, entitled Types of American Negroes, Georgia, U.S.A. and Negro Life in Georgia, U.S.A.), challenged dominant white perceptions of "negro criminality", termed double consciousness, Emancipation Day Celebrations
Great Migration 1890-1910 the movement of African-Americans from the rural South to the industrial North between 1890 and 1910. was a means of acquiring land, Significant demand for industrial labor in the north, escape from racial restrictions and violence (i.e. Jim Crow).
Mostly affected Blacks during slavery in which Blacks were taught certain things through storytelling also known as oral tradition. Occurred after slavery in which education began to take on written forms; writing and reading became more important. Historically Black Colleges & Universities Colleges and universities that were established for African American students. They started off as secondary schools where Blacks would transition to after learning how to read/write and they gradually became schools to where only Blacks could attend. They Now include Bowie State University (1865), Howard University (1868), Cheyney University of PA (oldest-1837), Morgan State University (1867). (1890s-1960s)-southern laws passed that kept blacks in their subordinate position.
group of black students from Fisk Univ. singing spiritual songs to raise money for their negro school. Introduced them to northern states and Europe. Spirituals were sung differently with more structure, altered grammar, European style/tactics, and less improvisational characters. Allowed the impact of an event to live on; Sense of protest could be incorporated; Resembled the traditional religious mentality in finding patterns of meaning in worldly events/in depicting an active deity involved in the lives of human beings. However, less secure in their need to prove God's being in tragedies and an overall emphasis on the present (i.e. titanic). Came close to a historical record in AA song. Thomas A. Dorsey aka "Georgia Tom" born in GA in 1899, but settled in Chicago after WWI, he was a composer who wrote gospel music but was also a blues musician, combined two styles of music to form gospel (Blues...), first breakthrough was at the National (Negro) Baptist Convention in 1930 w/ Precious Lord.Changed Black religious music in the 1920s by featuring women (and later men) singing in
a choir tradition backed by piano dipped in blues base and jazz riffs= "Father of Gospel Music" and the first person to merchandise gospel songs on sheet music. born in Baptist family in 1911, influenced by musical sounds of Baptist Church in New Orleans, migrated to Chicago in 1928, experienced some opposition by Black ministers, but is still considered to be one of the most influential gospel singers a women, helped bring back into black church the sounds and structures of folk spirituals, work songs, and 19th c cries and hollers. "Move on Up a Little Higher". controversial gospel group that has added high-priced producers, up-tempo arrangements, and pop instrumentations to traditional gospel. Album called Different Lifestyles has a curriculum of musical diversity from rap and up tempo R&B to a sample of a gospel shout. They helped make visible the implicit sensuality of gospel music that draws forth the repressed relationship b/w body and soul. Music is secular and has watered down lyrics. music of mass choirs, ecstatic solos, and pounding, clapping rhythms. It was an offspring of blues, jazz, and ragtime music born in Black Protestant churches at the end of the 19th c. Before the embrace of it in 1940s, it thrived in mostly lower class storefront Pentecostal churches as sacrilegious mix of secular rhythms and spiritual lyrics. Greats include Clara Ward, Manon Williams, and Roberta Martin. Elements of Contemporary Gospel Music
his song titled "Jesus Walks" became a popular hit spinning heavily on MTV and on BET's rap and gospel programs. Hip hop had never infiltrated gospel world to this extent and it was controversial as people wondered if this was gospel. Similarities between gospel and spirituals
Doubleness in photos-W.E.B. DuBois subjects of the photos that DuBois compiled for the exhibition were groomed and seemed to have a desire to be photographed like the middle classes, but there expressionless frontal and profile poses are like criminal mugshots. Differences between Gospel and Spirituals
could be all call and no response with the antiphony consisting of the words of the lead singer and the grunts of the workers or sounds of their tools. The antiphony could also contain some shouted exclamations like in church. songs connected to performing work, usually sung as working, helped while working. Diminished due to urbanization, the changing social and economic situation of Negroes, shift in the work experience, and growing mechanization.
Similarities Between Work Songs and Spirituals their endless rhythmic and verbal repetitions could transport the singers beyond time and make them oblivious to their immediate surroundings. Differences in black and white minstrelsy? White shows were merely parodies of the blackmen, the black minstrel shows poked fun of themselves and of the white man,much more humor in black shows Difference in white and black secular songs?
one of the dominant forms of black song in the 20th century up until the 1930s around the Great Depression. Common property among particularly the lower classes to give voice to individual expression and feelings. It is characterized by using many traditional and familial phrases (oral tradition). church was a large part of life, sacred song lyrics were changed to secular as the blues performed some of the functions for the secularized masses that religion did as they spoke out of a group experience and made many individual problems into shared experiences.
Another renaissance author. She published her first novels, Jonah's Gourd Vine and Their Eyes Were Watching God, in the 1930's, which presented AA women as central characters. She had a bold and lively personality, was considered a "darkie" by whites, clever, and full of funny stories. Collaborated with Hughes and co. to write Fire. Function of Disaster Songs events such as fire and flood; wind and drought; train, ships, and stock market crashes were sung about to seek strength and were assurances that they were not likely to happen again and were used to strengthen belief in God. Differences Between Work songs and Blues
What topics are traditional subjects for blues songs? urban life, freedom, alcohol/drugs, unemployment, love, sex, jealousy, travel; women-men, sex, unfaithful lovers, single life, physical abuse, wild woman African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in Harlem and also extended to other urban areas such as Chicago, D.C., Philadelphia,Baltimore ; early manifestation of black consciousness in the US; Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Nella Larsen etc. -supported by AA magazines fueled by white patronage -born in Salt Lack City in 1902 -enrolled in University of Utah in SLC -Transferred to USC -moved to Harlem in 1925 -wrote The Blacker the Berry (Jan 1929) about hierarchies within African-American communities -published Infants of the Spring (1932) and The Internet (1932) -Author of Harlem, a play -Editor of the Messenger newspaper -editor of Fire. -died of TB in 1934 Harlem jazz pianists would come and compete in "cutting contests" and people would be charged at the door to enter the hosts home in order to help starving artists pay their rent. They were known for bootleg whiskey, fried fish, chitterlings, dancing, singing, music, and impromptu entertainment and were announced via bright and colorful cards. They were perfect for cultural exchange. written by Wallace Thurman, it was the first novel to openly explore prejudice within the Black community. Setting: Boise, Idaho then Harlem, NY Time: 1920s Characters: Emma Lou Brown, Alva, Braxton, Hazel Mason, Geraldine, Gwendolyn Johnson, Benson Brown, John, Weldon Taylor, Alva Junior, Jasper Crane. HARLEM RENAISSANCE- poetry encouraged african-americans to be proud of heritage, protested racism and acts of violence against african-americans. He also wrote plays, short stories, and essays about the black experience. Probably the best known writer of the HR. The Big Sea: An Autobiography.
Gertrude "Ma" Rainey" Pridgett (1886– 1939): Popularly known as the "Mother of the Blues," was the first of the great women blues singers and had a direct influence on Bessie Smith. -Songs included "Lawd Send Me a Man Blues", "Sinful Blues" "The Queen of Soul," she began singing gospel music at an early age and had several hit records with Atlantic, including "Respect" in 1967 and "Think" in 1968. She made two popular gospel songs despite being a R&B/Soul singer. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life academic journal published by the National Urban League (NUL). The journal acted as a sociological forum for the emerging topic of African American studies and was known for fostering the literary culture during the Harlem Renaissance. It was published monthly from 1923-1942 and then quarterly through 1949. Illustrated pictures of young AA women in the 1920s The Great Migration (1916-1930) Many African Americans moved from the south to the north for job opportunities. -1916-1968: 400,000 blacks move north -1930: 10% of black pop. had moved north -reasons included: devastation of the boll weevil, labor shortage of WWI, advance of Jim Crow and racial violence -families arrived separately, >1/2 from cities and towns, variety of non-farming occupations -NY, Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburg the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was founded in 1910 by W. E. B. Du Bois (editor) and co. Illustrated
pictures of young AA women in the 1920s. Also DuBois printed hundreds of photos of black babies in this mag. Became one of the first woman in the United States to become a millionaire. She got it from opening a hair preparations company. Her 1905 hair softener accompanied by a hair straightening comb (hot-comb) became the first hair product developed, manufactured, and sold to Blacks. Her hair care techniques were taught in beauty schools. A title given to the winner of the National Golden Brown Beauty contest that was promoted by AA newspapers and magazines. refers to the new cultural identity claimed by AAs who migrated from the south to the North in between 1910 and 1940. This new identity was a shift towards independence, empowerment, and even a new culture, as seen in the Harlem Renaissance. Identity garnered a new respect from white people and this attitude bread the civil rights movement. The name originated from a collection of essays, under the same title, by Alain Locke in 1925, which was a key text of the Harlem Renaissance. lively energetic music w/ pulsating rhythms and scintillating syncopations, usually played by a small instrumental ensemble. Originated from Creole musicians who merged their classical virtuosity w/ blues from black bands. origins include 1. Ragtime -Dixieland, New Orleans, Chicago -collective improvisation (no lead) -front line of trumpet (coronet), clarinet, trombone -use of banjo and tuba in NO; guitar & string bass in Chicago -develops in 1940s -challenge to economic exploitation and cultural appropriation -rapid tempos -dissonant chord and melodie lines -extensive chromaticism -walking bass lines -offbeat piano accompaniment -polyrhythmic drumming -extended improvised soloing -leaders: Dizzy Gallespe & Charles Parker -Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement -May 1968 -planned to organize AA workers nationally -relied on cultural expression and independent forms of cultural production to communicate its political message. -Motown's spoken-word label which was a medium for the presentation of ideas and voices of the worldwide struggle of Black people to create a new era. -also serves to provide authentic materials for use in schools and colleges and for the home study of Black history and culture. -first album reflected the political agenda & creative interests of the label's producers (allowed Motown to associate w/ political ideas and activities not usually associated w/ the co.) - Celebrated her as being an influential african american - February 16th 1968 - known as everybody's soul sister -emphasized how black culture had gained tangible political clout by late 1960s -"Respect" mirrored MLK's cicvil disobedience as it was concerned w/ economic injustice, urban revolts, and protests. EARLY JAZZ - BORN: Oct 20th, 1890 New Orleans, Louisiana DIED: July 10th, 1941 -Creole -begin playing at brothels as a teen-1st jazz musician to write down his jazz compositions -piano player -claims to have invented jazz -pool hustler, card shark, pimp, managed night club US black musicians sent around world to play Jazz and make US look more friendly towards minorities. -State Department Tours (1930s-1970s) -Duke Ellington -Lois Armstrong -Dizzy Gillespie Black female vocal group who were featured artists with Motown Records in the 1960s. Their song "You Can't Hurry Love" was a Number One hit in 1966. -Originally Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard -show tunes gave them success as international nightclub stars -struggled until pairing up w/ Holland Dozier-Holland (H-D-H) Worked for motown and had two periods in motown, staff ranger and drummer. -solo artist -"What's Going On" song broke new ground, political organizing -sung about poverty, violence, racial discrimination, and social injusctuce - "Makes Me Wanna Holler": crime increasing - songs that expressed feelings of people - Sung during protest, marches of the civil rights
movement, meetings, and even in prison - "We shall over come" (modern), "This little light of mine", "Lift every voice and sing", "Go tell it on the Mountain" -used to motivate, inspire, transcendence, endure -adopted from spirituals and gospel Nina Simone, “Mississippi Goddam” (1964) - Song during the civil rights movement, response to birmingham bombing church - significance: Reflects both the shifts in the movement and many of theincidents that we have been talking about (incidents during the civil rights mvmnt) - significance: civil rights activist anthem -was jazz on the homefront Love story about a drug addict and cripple. -opera by George and Ira Gershwin (1935) -Porgy by Dubose Heyward (1925) -Fuses elements of jazz and other aspects of AA culture within the operatic form -State Department Tour -Controversial Piece: Porgy-old, crippled, no job; Bess-loose woman, drugs -Entertainer who thought Blacks were treated unfairly. Entertained people in Russia before the U.S. pulled his passport b/c they thought he was a communist. -20th c Renaissance Man: athlete, actor, singer, author, radical political activist -promoter of AA spirituals -Victim of McCarthyism African American opera singer -celebrated classical artist -first AA to perform at the Metropolitan Opera (1955) -civil rights icon -April 1939 concert at Lincoln Memorial where she performed in front of great emancipators -1960s and 1970s -Musical arm of Black Arts Movement -Open or free forms -dense texture -high energy playing -improvisation (dissonant and atonal) -experimental instruments & instrumentation -use of unorthodox sounds (cowbells, moans, groans, etc.) Differences between Blues and R&B Blues-more repetition, more musicians, usually one person R&B-wider instrumentation, lack of structure, groups of people singing Content is similar though. -1930s to 1940s -American popular music -larger ensembles -dance music -multi-sectional written arrangements supporting solo improvisation rather than collective -shift from 2 beat to 4/4 time -ex. Benny Goodman's "Sing, Sing, Sing" -leader of an all black orchestra -played piano, violin -attracted white audience (united classical into jazz) -memorized music to cater to white audiences (affirms stereotype) -inspired Irene and Vernon Castes (elegant dancers) -Fox Trot to "Memphis Blues" - orchestrated AA music to a far wider audience -first musician celebrated for playing jazz - brought personality to jazz - "big four" (accent 2nd 4th beat-skip) when drum and cymbal hit together -jazz given a sensual feel and sound Organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Addressed issues of
economic justice and housing for the poor in the US Record company founded by Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit. -worked w/ artists such as Marvin Gaye, Aretha Franklin, and the Supremes. -Equally aiming to reach white and black listeners -affiliated w/ public causes such as the Poor People's campaign & "Detroit is Happening" -its cultural presence and financial profits invested in Detroit, and support of political song helped bring public Detroit's struggle affiliated w/ Motown -funded by fed. govt. -sought to provide good job opportunities, educational facilities, and a cultural center for the city's youth popular music of the late 1800s that had a lively rhythmic sound -"pre-jazz" -late 1800s-early 1900s -itinerant musicians -sheet music, was not improvised -popular w/ young dances -couple dancing from black dance halls and honky tonks prime comic method in which their occurred trivialization or degradation of ideas or personages normally held to be lofty or noble and the advancement of those normally assigned to an inferior or inconsequential position. -reversal of roles w/ Irish immigrants -jews -poor southern whites -gave blacks a feeling of superiority and allowed them to join white majority. -Dozens -characterized by institutionalized insults and ancestor derision -typically done by young boys who used --exaggeration to make fun of opponent, his mother, and sometimes his father and/or siblings. -song remained an important vehicle -Blues singers like Lucille Bogan & Memphis Minnie used it -sometimes had sexual tone -sometimes had sexual tone aka Signifying, Sounding, Joning, Woofing, Screaming, Cutting, and Chopping -symmetrical joking relationships in which 2 or more people were free to insult each other's ancestors and relatives either directly or indirectly. -winner gained recognition of witType of diss aimed at a persons mother (Can be aimed at other relatives too) Grotesque subjects like death, disease, war, struggles, hunger, slavery, insanity, integration, segregation, sex, education, justice, sacred/secular, fears, stereotypes, minorities, etc. are presented humorously in order to point out their absurdity. Misunderstood by Whites.
3. jokes on religion (preacher) 4. jokes on relationships 5. intraracial/interracial humor 7. dozens 8. trickster tales -brought people together, gave them advice -acknowledged black fear & subservience -stressed inanity and fantasy nature of the system that bound them -reveal absurdity -critique racisme -psychological release -entertainment/laughter -expose sensitive issues -social commentary -self reflection -born in 1915 in Philadelphia as Eleanora Fagan -Nicknamed "Lady Day" -Rough life, prostitute @ 14, dropped out of school -1930s begins singing in Harlem -discovered by John Hammond -wrote autobio w/ William Dufty -narcotics problems, arrested in 1947 and cabaret card taken, abused by men -relationship w/ Louis McKay -died at 44- had a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. - vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. -became more modern in 20th c as garb changed, slang -basic nature stayed the same -reflected changes in AA consciousness -modern tricksters like the pimp -fate was sometimes changes as trickster was swindled - limitations became esp. apparent in the Signifying Monkey who tried to cause conflict b/w two stronger animals. -cont. to played an important role in resistance and mirrored the plight and reflected the needs of AAs -stories often told in 1st person or personal, slaves confronting authority, protection slaves gave to family -replaced was rendered heroes like Moses, Jesus, etc. -escaped slave system by running away -sometimes had to use direct confrontation -slave types: craven, sycophant, foolish, ruthless moral hard man and hero who was a representative figure symbolic of his people, rhymed, overcame temptations, clever in that he left the Titanic before it sank in 1912, epic figure, defies stereotypes and white figures.
Strength,courage, overcome the white man -triumphed not by breaking laws of the larger society, but by smashing its expectations and stereotypes -function: to provide momentary escape and models of action for blacks -emerged as chief bad man in black lore -folklore was often based on exploits of real men ex. John Hardy, Railroad Bill/ Slim Jim Stagolee -central: lacked compassion & self-centered -Like whites: were loners, above statutory law, ruthless, were created out of frustration w/ judicial process -Function: to express the anger among those done wrong, helped Negro male achieve "self respect", relieves guilt from creators, catharsis, hard lessons -stories about him were told as fact -origins in the building of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad in WV in 1870s -sung in work songs of tunnel crew -had sexual implications -Function: brought relief, expressed economic plight of AA workers -refused to bow to power of organized society -epic hero, dies of overexertion -does not use guile or indirection an African- American boxer (Born 1878- 1946) who
became the world heavy weight champion after defeating the elusive James J. Jeffries who left retirement to fight him in Reno on July 4, 1910. victory sparked national race riots.was also a symbol for integration because of his relationships with white women and willingness to fight white boxers. -representative figure (symbolic) -most important and longest-lived bad man in black lore -aka Stackolee, Stackerlee, Stackalee -possible origins in 1895 -in 1950s-196s he is still popular in the oral tradition in Michigan, Philadelphia, NY, Chicago, and TX. -central event: gun battle b/w him and Billy "Bully" Lyons -has complete lack of compassion and wields a gun -end is either arrest or death
-he has talents, intelligence, and vision that altered the course of events -had ability to inspire masses -martyrdom -genius lay in moral vision & choice of nonviolent means
concert held at the LA Memorial Coliseum on August 20, 1972 and organized by Memphis Stax Records to commemorate the 7th anniversary of the Watts riots. Was promoted as the "Black Woodstock" Social condition where social, economic, and political outcomes are no longer based on race and ethnicity. - Color is not meant to be in a box and who the person really is inside is all that matters. - Embracing differences- there are many ways to be black - 21st century is viewed as post blackness - Black is too difficult to define emerged in the south bronx (poor area) in the 1970s; 4 elements: DJing, Breaking, Grafitti, Mcing/Rapping * "rap is something you do, hip hop is something you live" Sexism/ Misogyny in Hip Hop -hip hop has high vulgarity & explicit forms of sexism that specifically target black women -three primary stereotypes: mammy, jezebel, sapphire -major corps. sell products using sexist imagery and ideas -women being called bitches, hoes, gold diggers, chicken heads, -fiction of separatism -arose from racism -double standard -pimp ideology -negtatively influencing young men and women
-emphasized violence, gun play -putting down other men
- Attained great popularity in the early 1900s with her gospel recordings that were a unique mixture of spiritual lyrics and early rock and roll accompaniment. Know as "the original soul sister". -performed religious music in nightclubs w/ big bands -1930s-1940s -"Shout Sister Shout" (1941)
-famous Drag ball held there -people come in from out of town for this and come stay at the lodge An early recording, usually of jazz or blues and typically performed by and marketed to African Americans during the 1920s and 1930s. - Opened a retail outlet, everywhere she went she would hire people to train as sales agents --Malone called some of
Walkers items fraudulent, copyrighted her products as Poro - she was big on community uplift so she created Poro college in middle class St. Louis- 1917 -had a store where Poro products were sold and was a center for AA religious and social functions. curriculum included instructions to train students on personal style to present themselves at work: on walking, talking and style of dress designed to maintain a solid persona. employed nearly 200 people in St. Louis; created jobs for almost 75,000 women in North and South America, Africa and the Philippines with the school and franchise stations. A white person who took an interest in blacks and advancing their race What form of music was created by black musicians in the 1880s and 1890s?Rag. In the 1890s, more sophisticated African-American styles of the cakewalk and then ragtime music started to become popular. Originally associated primarily with poor African Americans, ragtime was quickly denounced as degenerate by conservatives and the classically trained establishment.
Who found jazz music the most important and influential during the black Arts Movement?The musician that most clearly embodied the direction Locke wanted to encourage was Duke Ellington, "the person most likely to create the classi- cal jazz towards which so many are striving" ("Toward" 113).
What was the result of black efforts to field black baseball teams in 1920s?What was the result of black efforts to field black baseball teams in the 1920s? The leagues thrived with black players and fans.
What roles did blacks generally play in films produced by whites?What roles did Blacks usually play in films produced by Whites? They played the role of servant or buffoon, although sometimes they could make substantial amounts of money and gain fame for such roles.
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Early black support for classical music emerged in St Louis in the 1930s and 1940s
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