A preexperimental design that explores a single event, person, or group in great detail is known as:

What are the main types of qualitative approaches to research?

While there are many different investigations that can be done, a study with a qualitative approach generally can be described with the characteristics of one of the following three types:

Historical research describes past events, problems, issues and facts.  Data are gathered from written or oral descriptions of past events, artifacts, etc.  It describes “what was” in an attempt to recreate the past.  It is different from a report in that it involves interpretation of events and its influence on the present.  It answers the question: “What was the situation?” 

Examples of Historical Research:

• A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of cooperative learning
• A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the United States Supreme Court on American prisons
• A study of the evolution of print journalism in the United States through a study of collections of newspapers
• A study of the historical trends in public laws by looking recorded at a local courthouse

Ethnographic research develops in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena and/or understandings of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture.  This type of design collects extensive narrative data (non-numerical data) based on many variables over an extended period of time in a natural setting within a specific context. The background, development, current conditions, and environmental interaction of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded, and analyzed for patterns in relation to internal and external influences.  It is a complete description of present phenomena.

One specific form of ethnographic research is called a case study.  It is a detailed examination of a single group, individual, situation, or site. 

A meta-analysis is another specific form.  It is a statistical method which accumulates experimental and correlational results across independent studies.  It is an analysis of analyses.

Examples of Ethnographic Research:

• A case study of parental involvement at a specific magnet school
• A multi-case study of children of drug addicts who excel despite early childhoods in poor environments
• The study of the nature of problems teachers encounter when they begin to use a constructivist approach to instruction after having taught using a very traditional approach for ten years
• A psychological case study with extensive notes based on observations of and interviews with immigrant workers
• A study of primate behavior in the wild measuring the amount of time an animal engaged in a specific behavior

Narrative research focuses on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meanings he/she attributes to them.

Examples of Narrative Research:

• A study of the experiences of an autistic student who has moved from a self-contained program to an inclusion setting
• A study of the experiences of a high school track star who has been moved on to a championship-winning university track team

30. The following statement is intended to measure what “I am always courteous, evento people who are disagreeable.”a. reactivityb. observer biasc. social desirability biasd. participant honestyAns: CLearning Objective: 2-1: Describe how the scientific method creates knowledge.

Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: What Are the Elements of the Scientific Method?Difficulty Level: Easy31. If you were looking for a scholarly book or peer-reviewed journal on socialpsychology, which database would be most helpful?

Learning Objective: 2-1: Describe how the scientific method creates knowledge.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: What Are the Elements of the Scientific Method?Difficulty Level: Easy32. A preexperimental design that explores a single event, person, or group in greatdetail is known as:Learning Objective: 2-2: Compare the logic behind preexperiments, true experiments,

quasi-experiments, and correlational designs.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: How Do Social Psychologists Design Studies?Difficulty Level: Easy33. Dr. Carlson is studying the effect of temperature on memory. One week he has 20participants test in a cold room. The next week he has the same 20 participants test in ahot room. This is what type of research design?

Heinzen,Social Psychology, 1eSAGE Publications, 2019c. one-group pretest–posttest designd. between-participants designAns: BLearning Objective: 2-2: Compare the logic behind preexperiments, true experiments,quasi-experiments, and correlational designs.Cognitive Domain: ApplicationAnswer Location: How Do Social Psychologists Design Studies?Difficulty Level: Hard34. Dr. Enzo is studying the effects of meditation vs. medication on the anxiety levels ofmen and women. What is the dependent variable in her study?a. meditationb. medicationc. anxiety levelsd. genderAns: C

Learning Objective: 2-2: Compare the logic behind preexperiments, true experiments,quasi-experiments, and correlational designs.Cognitive Domain: ApplicationAnswer Location: How Do Social Psychologists Design Studies?Difficulty Level: Hard

Which of the following best describes the realization that we are our own separate entity from other people?

What is it called when we imagine past events that would have led to a different future positive or negative )?

Which discipline seeks to differentiate humans from other species?

Which of the following describes the study of understanding how individuals think about and remember other people and social situations?