Which element is found in all proteins but not in carbohydrates or fats quizlet?

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Terms in this set (72)

Nitrogen

The chemical element (atom) found in all proteins, but not usually in fats or carbohydrates is...

Essential amino acid

Amino acids the body must eat bc it cannot synthesize a sufficient amount,
9 essentials

Peptide bonds are formed...

By excluding H2O molecules

Protein helps regulate body ph by...

Accepting alkaline substance from the blood

Transformation

The synthesis of a new amino acid

Components of proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Acid group

-COOH

Amino group

-NH2

Essential amino acids

Cannot be made by the body

How many nonessential amino acids are there

11

11 nonessential amino acids

Can be synthesized in the from other amino acids or by adding N to C- containing structure

Conditionally essential amino acids

Under certain circumstances, some nonessentials cannot be made in the body

Peptide bonds

What holds amino acids together, is an example of condensation reaction

Most proteins contain ____ amino acids

250-300

What does peptin do

Breaks down protein into shorter polypeptide

Denaturation

Unfolding of protein by heat, acids, bases or salts

Where does protein digestion start

Stomach

Where are dietary proteins digested and absorbed

Stomach and small intestine

What do stomach acids so to the protein

Denature

What do stomach acids activate

Pepsin

Where are polypeptides broken down

Stomach

The order of amino acids in a specific protein determines...

Function in the body

From the small intestine, amino acids enter the...

Blood and travel to the liver

Amino acids come from...

Diet, breakdown proteins in body, stored in amino acid pools

Protein turnover

Process of continuous breakdown/synthesis of protein from its amino acid

Pepsinogen is the inactive form of...

Pepsin

The presence of food in the stomach cause the hormone...

Gastrin to be secreted

Amino acids/smaller polypeptides coming from stomach stimulate the release of the hormones

CCK

Transcription

Process where mRNA is made using DNA as a template, transfers genetic info

Translation

Produces new peptide \Amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes using mRNA & tRNAo

mRNA

For of RNA involves in gene transcription

tRNA

Form of RNA in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation

Ribosome

An organelle, associated w endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, involved in gene translation

Up regulation

Increased expression of gene "turn on"

Down regulation

Decreased expression of gene "turn off"

Steps of protein synthesis

1.cell signaling
2.transcription
3.translation

DNA

What contains instructions for protein synthesis

Complete proteins

Contain all the essential amino acids along w nonessential

Examples of complete proteins

Animals proteins, soy proteins

Incomplete proteins

Proteins are low in one or more essential amino acids

Example of incomplete protein

Plant protein

Pro enzyme

Inactive form of an enzyme

Anaphylaxis

Rapid immune response sudden drop on blood pressure, rapid pulse,dizziness, narrowing of airways, severe allergic reaction

Intracellular space

Inside of cella

Extracellular space

Outside of cells

Intravascular fluid

Fluid found in blood/lymph vessels

Interstitial fluid

Fluid found between cells

Regulation of fluid balance by what protein?

Albumin important in regulating fluid balance between intravascular and interstitial spaces

Deamination

CHON taking off nitrogen =CHO, nitrogen goes to liver (breaks it down) to urea, kidneys get rid of it, carbon skeleton converted to glucose for energy/fat

Glucogenic amino acid

Amino acid that can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis

DRI for proteins

0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of weight

Negative Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen loss exceeds intake, occurs during starvation, illness or stress
Kidney failure
Loss>intake

Positive nitrogen balance

Nitrogen intake exceeds the loss of nitrogen from the body, occurs during childhood, prego women, infants, recover from illness

DRI protein recommendations as a % of total calories

10-35%

Average us intake of protein

15%

Calculate protein needs

Lbs/2.2*0.8

Eating to much protein may increase risk of

Heart disease, kidney stones, calcium loss from bones

Protein energy malnutrition

Eating inadequate calories and proteins

PEM

Is more common in children

Signs of Kwashiorkor

Edema, muscle loss, skin rashes, hair changes, water and electrolyte imbalances

Marasmus

Severe deficiency of calories

Signs of marasmus

Emaciation, lack of growth, loss of fat stores

How can vegetarians meet protein needs

Plant, soy, beans, legumes, nuts, egg, dairy

Lacto vegitarian

Avoids meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

Lacto-ovo vegitarian

Avoids meat, fish and poultry

Ovo-vegitarian

Avoids meat, fish, poultry, and dairy

Pescatarian

Avoids all meat and poultry

Pollo vegetarians

Avoids meats except for chicken

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity o

Nitrogen balance

Amount of protein consumed = amount of protein used

Secondary structure

Folding of a protein bc of weak bonds that form between elements of amino acid backbone

Mercury is a denaturing agent bc...

Disrupts disulfide bonds thus tertiary structure, effects proteins in neural function

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