TABLE 23-1
Labeling codes for mammographic positioning
From Bassett L et al, editors: Quality determinants of mammography, AHCPR Pub No 95-0632, Rockville, MD, 1994, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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1
Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography?
Lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices
Lack of cooperation of parents or guardian
Lack of appropriate individuals to assist in holding a pediatric patient during an exposure
Patient motion
2
When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure?
Selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to undergo radiography
Opening the x-ray beam collimator shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor
Precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area does not need to be included in the area to be irradiated
Both A and C
3
In fluoroscopy, the amount of radiation that a patient receives is usually estimated by measuring the radiation exposure rate at tabletop and multiplying this by the:
fluoroscopy time
distance between the fluoroscope and the patient
square of the distance between the fluoroscope and the patient
radiographic exposure factors
4
_________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly.
Thermoluminescent dosimeters
A sequence of aluminum equivalent filters of varying thicknesses
Lead-impregnated filters
Molybdenum and rhodium filters
Thermoluminescent dosimeters
5
Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below _____ rads.
100
60
30
20
6
Poorly processed images on radiographic film will:
continue to have archival quality
deteriorate over time
lose only a minimal amount of archival quality over a 10-year period
remain in their original condition
7
If a child is placed in a CT scanner and adult protocols are used, the child will receive:
the same dose as an adult
a lower dose than an adult
a higher dose than an adult
no radiation dose
a higher dose than an adult
8
Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential?
A chest x-ray on scheduled admission to the hospital
Lumbar spine x-rays as part of a preemployment physical examination
Whole-body multislice computed tomography (CT) screening
All of the above
9
In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated, the _____ should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
radiographer performing the examination
imaging department manager
radiologic physicist
radiologist
10
The goal of the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging is to:
increase awareness of the need to reduce patient dose for pediatric patients
completely eliminate the use of CT imaging for all pediatric patients
completely eliminate the use of CT imaging for pediatric patients under 1 year of age
completely eliminate the use of CT imaging for pediatric patients between the ages of 3 and 4 years old
increase awareness of the need to reduce patient dose for pediatric patients
11
The genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is about _____ mSv (_____ mrem).
1.00; 100
0.80; 80
0.40; 40
0.20; 20
12
Which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide the best protection for a male patient when anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained?
Flat contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
Shadow shield
Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
None of the above; gonadal shielding is unnecessary for male patients of any age
Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
13
According to the American College of Radiology (ACR), abdominal radiologic examinations that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need:
not to be postponed or selectively scheduled
to be postponed or selectively scheduled
to be postponed and scheduled at least 10 days after the start of the next menstrual period
to be postponed and scheduled 10 days before the end of the next menstrual period
not to be postponed or selectively scheduled
14
Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs?
Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
Use of gonadal shielding
Use of a mobile protective shielding device
Use of digital imaging equipment rather than conventional equipment
Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
15
Digital mammography units with the ability to enhance contrast with image gray-level manipulation offer:
improvement for patients with small breasts
improvement for patients with microcalcifications in small breasts
improvement for patients with dense breasts
poor quality images for patients with dense breasts and microcalcifications
improvement for patients with dense breasts
16
Which of the following are considered to be benefits of a repeat analysis program?
1. There is increased awareness among staff and student radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality recorded images.
2. Radiographers generally become more careful in producing their images because they are aware that the images are being reviewed.
3. When the repeat
analysis program identifies problems or concerns, in-service education programs covering these specific topics may be designed for imaging personnel.
1 only
2 only
3 only
1, 2, and 3
17
The radiation dose absorbed by an organ such as bone marrow:
can be accurately measured by a direct method
cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated
is negligible for all diagnostic radiography examinations
can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method
cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated
18
In a remote control fluoroscopic room where the x-ray tube is located above the patient, protective shielding should:
be placed over the patient
be placed under the patient
be placed along side of the patient
not be used
be placed over the patient
19
Specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following?
1. Lens of the eye
2. Breast
3. Extremities
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3
20
Which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduces patient radiation dose during a radiographic examination?
Lower kVp, higher mAs, decreased filtration
Higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
Higher kVp, higher mAs, decreased filtration
Lower kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
Higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
21
Any image that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is known as repeat image. What effect does repeat images have on the radiation dose received by the patient?
The patient receives no additional radiation dose.
The patient’s skin and possibly the gonads receive a double radiation dose.
The patient’s critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose.
The patient’s superficial tissues only receive a radiation dose that is 4 times as great as that of the original radiation dose.
The patient’s skin and possibly the gonads receive a double radiation dose.
22
Which of the following are some of the factors that should be considered when technical exposure factors are to be selected?
1. Mass per unit volume of tissue of the area of clinical interest
2. Effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the tissue involved
3. Type and quantity of filtration used
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3
23
When automatic exposure control (AEC) is not used, then to ensure uniform selection of technical x-ray exposure factors, efficient imaging departments:
have estimated technical exposure factors for all radiographic examinations
have the radiologist determine and set up all technical exposure factor charts
use technique charts borrowed from another imaging facility
use standardized technique charts for each x-ray unit
use standardized technique charts for each x-ray unit
24
During mammography, axillary projections should be done only on request of the:
ordering physician
patient
radiologist
technologist performing the examination
25
Because most medical procedures result in fetal exposures:
greater than 100 rads, the risk of abnormality is large
greater than 50 rads, the risk of abnormality is large
less than 25 rads, the risk of abnormality is small
less than 1 rad, the risk of abnormality is small
less than 1 rad, the risk of abnormality is small