What is the similarity between Havinghurst's stage-crisis theory and Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
Both theories are based on developmental tasks.
Both theories incorporate eight stages of development.
Both theories are based on psychosexual development.
Both theories emphasize that a child's growth is directed by gene activity
Both theories are based on developmental tasks.
What is true about the instrumental relativist orientation stage?
An individual recognizes that there is more than one correct point of view.
An individual finds a balance between societal rules and basic human rights and obligations.
An individual response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.
An individual sees moral reasoning based on own personal internalization of societal and other's expectations.
An individual recognizes that there is more than one correct point of view.
What should the nurse suggest when parents ask what to do about their preschooler's stuttering?
Speak clearly and do not complete the child's sentences.
Avoid looking at the child when he experiences difficulty forming words.
Help the child by supplying the correct word when he experiences a block.
Stop the conversation and tell the child to speak slowly when starting again
Speak clearly and do not complete the child's sentences.
During which stage of development should the nurse anticipate sibling relationships that fluctuate between open bickering and supportive relationships?
Preschool
Early school-age
Late adolescence
Middle school-age
Middle school-age
According to Erikson's stages of life, what is the stage when a child begins walking, feeding, and using the toilet?
Trust versus mistrust
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt
Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt
Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate in a client who exhibits absolute obedience to authority and rules?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 1
Who should the nurse include as the authority when providing education to the parents of a 7-year-old client related to moral development?
The school-age child
The school-age child's peers
Any higher power the child believes in
Any adult with authority over the child
Any adult with authority over the child
During which week of pregnancy does placental development occur?
First
Third
Fifth
Seventh
Third
Which actions demonstrate fine motor skills? Select all that apply.
Crawling
Creeping
Sitting erect
Holding a rattle
Picking up objects
Holding a baby bottle
Holding a rattle
Picking up objects
Holding a baby bottle
Which formula is most preferable for a child who has lactose intolerance?
Soy-based formula
Whey hydrolysate formula
Cow's milk-based formula
Amino acid-based formula
Soy-based formula
What is the expected average weight for a 6-month-old child?
680 g (1.5 lb)
7.26 kg (16 lb)
11.34 kg (25 lb)
9.75 kg (21.5 lb)
7.26 kg (16 lb)
The parents of a preschooler tell the nurse that they try to inculcate good eating habits by asking the child to be at the table until the "plate is clean." What condition is the child at risk for?
Anorexia
Depression
Aggression
Poor eating habits
Poor eating habits
What developmental skills does a preschooler exhibit? Select all that apply.
Personal identity
Specific reasoning
Increased curiosity
Magical thinking
Understanding of others
Specific reasoning
Increased curiosity
Magical thinking
The nurse observes that a child fails to make eye contact and has poor impulse control. Upon further assessment, the nurse finds that the parent is an alcoholic and often neglects the child. What can be said about the child?
The child needs to be screened for autism.
The child is experiencing separation anxiety.
The child feels solitary because of the parent's behavior.
The child has developed reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
The child has developed reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
Which stage of the development should the nurse document for an infant when using Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Oral
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client to expand focus from relationships with others to societal concerns?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 4
The nurse is providing care to an infant who is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). Which parental statement indicates the need for further education related to the potential for poor growth?
"My child's diagnosis causes delayed bone growth."
"My child will have a poor appetite, which will lead to poor growth."
"My child will have increased oxygen demands, which will lead to poor growth."
"My child will have a decreased ability to absorb nutrients, which will cause poor growth."
"My child will have a poor appetite, which will lead to poor growth."
What gross motor skill is observed in children between 8 and 10 months old?
The child can creep on his or her hands and knees.
The child has predominant inborn reflexes.
The child can sit alone without any kind of support.
The child can bear his or her weight on forearms when prone.
The child can creep on his or her hands and knees.
What should the nurse teach the parent of an infant who is at risk for infections?
"You must avoid placing the infant in bright sunlight."
"Breast-feeding will provide protection against bacteria."
"Use soy-based infant formulas to help prevent infection."
"The infant will be less susceptible to infections later in life."
"Breast-feeding will provide protection against bacteria."
Which symptoms present in a child indicate Turner syndrome? Select all that apply.
Webbed neck
Impaired language
Tall stature with long legs
Low position of posterior hairline
Shield-shaped chest with wide space between the nipples
Webbed neck
Low position of posterior hairline
Shield-shaped chest with wide space between the nipples
How does an adolescent establish group identity during psychosocial development?
By evaluating his or her own health with a feeling of well-being
By fostering his or her independence with balanced family structure
By building close peer relationships to achieve acceptance in the society
By achieving marked physical changes with masculine and feminine behaviors
By building close peer relationships to achieve acceptance in the society
A community health nurse makes a home visit to a disabled 13-year-old client who has a 6-month-old infant sister. The infant lies quietly in her crib and rarely smiles or vocalizes; it appears that the infant barely has her basic needs met. What is the nurse's most appropriate intervention?
Advise the parent that the infant will be retarded if not stimulated.
Ask the disabled client to spend more time playing with the sister.
Encourage purchasing toys that are appropriate for the infant's age level.
Determine whether there is anyone who can help with chores and the infant's care.
Determine whether there is anyone who can help with chores and the infant's care.
What does the nurse anticipate the primary healthcare provider to advise the parents of a child newly diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder?
There is no risk of recurrence of this disease in the next child.
You may need to use a donor egg for future children.
There are more chances of miscarriage in the next pregnancy.
You can find more information about this disease on the internet.
You may need to use a donor egg for future children.
What gross motor skill is found in children between two to four months of age?
The child can creep on its hands and knees.
The child has predominant inborn reflexes.
The child can sit alone without any kind of support.
The child can bear weight on forearms when prone.
The child can bear weight on forearms when prone.
What is true about the preoperational period of Piaget's theory?
The child develops a scheme for dealing with the environment.
The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it.
The child has the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities.
The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does.
The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does.
Which age should the nurse teach the parents of a school-age client to expect mandibular second molars to erupt?
7 to 8 years
9 to 10 years
10 to 12 years
11 to 13 years
11 to 13 years
Which difficulties faced by an adolescent diagnosed with a chronic illness are attributed to normal development? Select all that apply.
Risk taking
Rebelliousness
Peer socialization
Lack of cooperation
Hostility toward authority
Risk taking
Rebelliousness
Lack of cooperation
Hostility toward authority
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the child afraid of punishment?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 1
Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development?
During this stage, genital organs are the focus of pleasure.
During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities.
During this stage, an infant begins to think that his or her parent is separate from the self.
During this stage, sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.
During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities.
What is the correct order of the stages according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,
the first stage is the punishment and obedience orientation.
The second stage is the instrumental relativist orientation.
Good boy-nice girl orientation is the third stage.
Society-maintaining orientation stage is the fourth stage.
Social contract orientation is the fifth stage.
The sixth stage is the universal ethical principle orientation stage.
What should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a school-age child? Select all that apply.
Being engaged in tasks
Questioning sexual identity
Having highly imaginative thoughts
Wanting to participate in organized activities
Struggling with self-control and independence
Being engaged in tasks
Wanting to participate in organized activities
To which client should the nurse provide education regarding the pubertal growth spurt?
An 8-year-old school-age male client
A 16-year-old adolescent male client
A 12-year-old school-age female client
An 18-year-old adolescent female client
A 12-year-old school-age female client
Which feelings are enhanced in the school-age child through the use of positive reinforcement of success by adults? Select all that apply.
Happiness
Likeability
Feeling worthwhile to others
Feeling disrespected by others
Capability of valuable contributions
Happiness
Likeability
Feeling disrespected by others
Capability of valuable contributions
What is the reason for calculating a body mass index (BMI)-for-age during a health maintenance assessment for school-age clients?
Assessing for bulimia nervosa
Monitoring for failure to thrive
Monitoring for anorexia nervosa
Assessing for obesity or overweight
Assessing for obesity or overweight
Which of these age groups has the highest incidence of lead poisoning?
Adult
Toddler
Adolescent
School-age child
Toddler
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
A child's thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures.
A child recognizes that there is more than one correct view.
An individual moves away from moral decisions based on authority.
A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
Which is a characteristic of the glands that secrete a thick substance in response to emotional stimulation and become odoriferous because of bacterial action?
Highly active in childhood
Absent around the umbilicus
Widely distributed throughout the body
Grow in conjunction with axillary hair follicles
Grow in conjunction with axillary hair follicles
How much does the head circumference increase per month from 4 to 6 months of age?
1 cm (0.4 inch)
2 cm (0.75 inch)
0.5 cm (0.2 inch)
3.5 cm (1.38 inch)
1 cm (0.4 inch)
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is a part of conventional reasoning?
Social contract orientation
Society-maintaining orientation
Instrument relativist orientation
Universal ethical principle orientation
Society-maintaining orientation
The parents of a preschooler are worried, because the child is often seen talking to imaginary friends. The parents admit that they often scold the child for such behavior. Of what does the nurse inform the parents?
"The child may develop severe psychological problems."
"You must involve the child in some spiritual activities."
"There may be some neurologic or developmental issue."
"The behavior is normal at this age and it will help counter loneliness."
"The behavior is normal at this age and it will help counter loneliness."
Which type of relationship is most important to the school-age child?
Same-sex peer relationships
Opposite-sex peer relationship
Same-sex parental relationship
Opposite-sex parental relationship
Same-sex peer relationships
Which school-age children require close supervision when using a skateboard? Select all that apply.
5-year-old
6-year-old
7-year-old
8-year-old
9-year-old
6-year-old
7-year-old
8-year-old
9-year-old
Which should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a preschool-age child?
Being engaged in tasks
Questioning sexual identity
Having highly imaginative thoughts
Wanting to participate in organized activities
Having highly imaginative thoughts
Which should the nurse encourage for the adolescent client diagnosed with a chronic illness to achieve independence from family?
Using coping skills
Wearing make-up
Buying stylish clothes
Socializing with peers
Socializing with peers
The nurse is discussing the neurologic reflexes seen in an infant with the parents. Which reflex will the nurse state as being present indefinitely?
Landau
Parachute
Body righting
Neck righting
Parachute
Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is associated with a person following a law even if it is discriminatory to a racial group?
Social contract orientation
Society-maintaining orientation
Instrumental relativist orientation
Universal ethical principle orientation
Social contract orientation
Which theory states that a child's growth pattern is related to gene activity?
Gesell's theory
Piaget's theory
Erikson's theory
Havinghurst's theory
Gesell's theory
Which nursing action is most accurate when assessing the chest circumference of a newborn during the initial physical assessment?
Measuring during expiration only
Taking three measurements and recording the average
Measuring during inspiration and plotting this data on the growth chart
Placing the measuring tape around the rib cage at the nipple line
Placing the measuring tape around the rib cage at the nipple line
At which age should the nurse assess the school-age client for mastery of the concept of conservation of volume?
6 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
9 years
When does the anterior fontanel of an infant close?
At 4 to 10 months
At 8 to 12 months
At 12 to 18 months
At 18 to 26 months
At 12 to 18 months
According to Kohlberg's theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage?
Social contract orientation
Good boy-nice girl orientation
Instrumental relativist orientation
Punishment and obedience orientation
Good boy-nice girl orientation
Which fine motor skill should the nurse expect when assessing the development of an infant between 10 and 12 months of age?
Holds a crayon
Walks with assistance
Stands independently
Sits from a standing position
Holds a crayon
A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of development is the child going through?
Good boy-nice girl orientation
Society-maintaining orientation
Instrumental relativist orientation
Universal ethical principle orientation
Instrumental relativist orientation
Which of these statements about the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is true?
Hyperthermia is observed in the newborn.
Newborns are susceptible to heat loss and cold stress.
Apgar assessments are conducted 5 and 10 minutes after birth.
Physiological changes in the newborn occur during the first 12 hours of life.
Newborns are susceptible to heat loss and cold stress.
The nurse is providing care to the family of a preschool-age child who is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Which statement made by the sibling would initiate a teaching session with the parents regarding discipline?
"I really wish my brother wasn't sick all the time."
"I am afraid that I caused my brother to get sick again because I was mad at him."
"When I lied to my parents, I was punished for a week and my brother never gets punished."
"I never get to go over to my friends' houses because we are always taking my brother to the doctor."
"When I lied to my parents, I was punished for a week and my brother never gets punished."
In which age range would the nurse expect a client to understand the concept of conservation related to liquids and numbers when conducting a developmental assessment?
5 to 7 years
6 to 7 years
9 to 10 years
9 to 12 years
5 to 7 years
Which school-age client should the nurse assess for symptoms related to burnout?
7-year-old
8-year-old
9-year-old
10-year-old
10-year-old
Which behaviors should the nurse anticipate when conducting a developmental assessment for a newborn? Select all that apply.
Sucking on a pacifier
Grasping a parents finger
Discovering hands and feet
Swallowing while breastfeeding
Rooting when the cheek is stroked
Sucking on a pacifier
Grasping a parents finger
Swallowing while breastfeeding
Rooting when the cheek is stroked
The nurse is measuring the body temperature of four neonates born at term in a pediatric health setting. Which neonate has normal body temperature?
Neonate 1
Neonate 2
Neonate 3
Neonate 4
Neonate 3