Which sociologist coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups?

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Which sociological perspective argues that people must maintain and control social norms if any group or society is to survive? A) conflict B) interactionist C) functionalist D) feminist 2
Milgram used the term conformity to mean A) going along with peers. B) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. C) the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. D) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. 3
In Milgram's study, the subjects in the follow-up study were less likely to inflict the supposed shocks as they were moved physically closer to their victims. This finding is particularly important to what sociological perspective? A) functionalist B) feminist C) conflict D) interactionist 4
Your text tells us that almost one out of every how many adult Americans is subject to some type of formal social control every year? A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60 5
How many states have laws that allow the cultivation of medical marijuana? A) 5 B) 9 C) 15 D) There are no such state laws. 6
Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms? A) feminist B) control C) interactionist D) functionalist 7
Which sociologist coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups? A) Charles Horton Cooley B) George Herbert Mead C) Émile Dukrkheim D) Erving Goffman 8
Which sociological perspective would argue that deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability? A) conflict B) interactionist C) functionalist D) feminist 9
Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans of seventeenth-century New England? A) Émile Durkheim B) Robert Merton C) Edwin Sutherland D) Kai Erikson 10
In which of Merton's modes of individual adaptation would one accept institutionalized means but reject societal goals? A) innovation B) ritualism C) retreatism D) rebellion 11
Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts? A) Robert Merton B) Edwin Sutherland C) Travis Hirschi D) William Chambliss 12
Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdowns of community relations and social institutions? A) differential association B) labeling C) conflict D) social disorganization 13
Sociologist Daniel Bell used what term to describe the sequential passage of organized crime leadership from Irish Americans in the early part of the twentieth century to Jewish Americans in the 1920s and then to Italian Americans in the early 1930s? A) ethnic succession B) victimless crime C) differential association D) routine activity approach 14
Which sociologist likened white-collar crimes to organized crime because they are often perpetuated through occupational roles? A) Robert Merton B) Erving Goffman C) Edwin Sutherland D) Charles Horton Cooley 15
Which sociologist offered pioneering insights into the behavior of professional criminals by publishing an annotated account written by a professional thief? A) Robert Merton B) Erving Goffman C) Edwin Sutherland D) Charles Horton Cooley 16
Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed A) stigmatization. B) labeling. C) law. D) social control. 17
Which of the following is NOT an example of informal social control? A) jail B) laughter C) raising of an eyebrow D) ridicule 18
Police officers, school administrators, employers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of A) informal social control. B) formal social control. C) the state. D) the government. 19
Deviance is A) always criminal behavior. B) behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. C) perverse behavior. D) inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social orders. 20
Durkheim used which term in referring to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective? A) stigma B) functionalism C) anomie D) labeling 21
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic forms of adaptation specified in Merton's anomie theory of deviance? A) conformity B) innovation C) ritualism D) hostility 22
Labeling theory is also called the __________ approach. A) conflict B) functionalist C) societal-reaction D) stigmatization 23
The popularity of labeling theory is reflected in the emergence of a related perspective called A) stigmatization. B) functionalism. C) cultural transmission. D) social constructionism. 24
Sociologist Richard Quinney emphasizes that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality. This reflects which perspective? A) functionalism B) conflict C) interactionism D) social control 25
Professional crime refers to A) the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises. B) illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, "respectable" people. C) the pursuit of crime as a day-to-day occupation, involving skilled techniques and the enjoyment of a certain degree of status among other criminals. D) the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.

Who used the term stigma to refer to characteristics that discredit people?

What labels society used to devalue members of certain social groups?

What do sociologists mean when they speak of the stigma resulting from the label of deviant?

What is Erving Goffman's term for a powerful and negative label?