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Terms in this set (36)
lifespan development
field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability, in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan
physical development
development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
cognitive development
development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
personality development
development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
social development
the way in which an individual's interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life
cohort
a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
What is the scope of the field of lifespan development?
Lifespan development is a scientific approach to understand human growth and change throughout life.
The field covers a broad range of ages and topical areas. Its chief sum is to examine the links between human age groups and the areas of physical, cognitive, social, and personality
development.
What are cohorts and how do they influence development?
Membership in a cohort, based on age and place of birth, subjects people to influences based on historical events (history-graded influences)
People are also subject to age graded influences, sociocultural-graded influences, and non-normative life events
Three assumptions made by lifespan developmentalists are: 1) focus on human development, 2) an understanding of stability in addition to growth, and3)...
The perception that development persists throughout our entire lives
Stages of the lifespan such as adolescence and middle age are universal across cultures and stable across history. True or False?
false
The time when children utter their first complete sentence is an example of:
an age graded-influence
continuous change
gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
discontinuous change
development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
critical period
a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
sensitive period
a point in development when organism are particularly susceptible to certain kinda of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
maturation
the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
What are the key issues in the field of development?
Four important
issues in lifespan develop. are continuity vs. discontinuity in development, the importance of critical periods, whether to focus on certain periods of life or on the entire life span, and the nature vs. nurture controversy
These issues have been the subject of research and the discussions since the filled of development began
How have developmental researchers resolved these issues?
Research and discussions
on these issues have led to the conclusion that for three of them .no either-or answer makes sense.
For the "focus on certain periods" issue, however, there is general agreement development is not limited to childhood and adolescence, but continues through the lifespan.
Grady believes that human development occurs in small, assurable amounts. His sister Andrea disagrees and suggests that human development in more district and steplike. Their argument is most reflective of the _________ issue.
continuous vd. discontinuous
A _________ is specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence.
critical period
Nurture refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from ones parents. True or false?
false
Psychodynamic perspective
the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control
Psychoanalytic Theory
the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
Psychosexual
according to Freud, a series f changes that children pass through un which pleasure, or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part.
Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage Of Freud's Psychosexual Development
Birth to 12-18 Months; interested in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting
Anal Stage Of Freud's Psychosexual Development
12-18 months; gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society's controls relating to toilet training
Phallic Stage Of Freud's Psychosexual Development
3- 5/6 years; interest in genitals; coming to terms with Oedipal conflict, leading to identification with same sex parent.
Latency Stage Of Freud's Psychosexual Development
sexual concerns largely unimportant
Genital Stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development
Adolescence to adulthood; reemergence of sexual interests and establishing of mature sexual relationships.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to 12-18 Months; Positive: Feelings of trust from environmental support; Negative: Fear and concern regarding others
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
12/ 18 months- 3 years; Pos: self sufficiency if exploration is encouraged; neg: doubts about self, lack of independence.
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 to 5-6 years; pos: Discovery of ways to initiate actions; neg: guilt from actions or thoughts
Industry vs. Inferiority
5-6 years to adolescence; pos: development of sense of competence; neg: feel ins of inferiority, no sense of mastery
Identity vs. Role Diffusion
Adolescence to Adulthood;
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