References
Adams, Frank D., and Lawrence, Gloria J.. 2011. Bullying victims: The effects last into college. American Secondary Education 40(1):4–13.Google Scholar
Adler, Jeffrey S. 1989. A historical analysis of the law of vagrancy. Criminology 27:209–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Ansalone, George. 2010. Tracking: Educational differentiation or defective strategy. Educational Research Quarterly 34(2):3–17.Google Scholar
Anspach, Renee R. 2010. Gender and health care. In Handbook of Medical Sociology, edited by Bird, Chloe E., Conrad, Peter, Fremont, Allen M., and Timmermans, Stefan, 229–48. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Antonaccio, Olena, and Tittle, Charles R. 2007. A cross-national test of Bonger's theory of criminality and economic conditions. Criminology 45(4):925–58.Google Scholar
Baber, Ray Erwin. 1953. Marriage and the Family. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Bales, William D., and Piquero, Alex R.. 2012. Racial/ethnic differentials in sentencing to incarceration. JQ: Justice Quarterly 29(5):742–73.Google Scholar
Barkan, Steven E. 1996. The social science significance of the O.J. Simpson case. In Representing O.J.: Murder, Criminal Justice and Mass Culture, edited by Barak, Gregg, 36–42. Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston.Google Scholar
Boggs, Carl. 2011. Empire versus Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate and Military Power. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bonger, Willem. 1916. Criminality and Economic Conditions. Translated by H. P. Horton. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Bornstein, David. 2013. Protecting children from toxic stress. New York Times, November 3.
Carson, E. Ann. 2015. Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Chambliss, William J. 1964. A sociological analysis of the law of vagrancy. Social Problems 12:67–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambliss, William, and Seidman, Robert. 1982. Law, Order, and Power. 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Chiricos, Theodore G., and Waldo, Gordon P.. 1975. Socioeconomic status and criminal sentencing: An assessment of a conflict proposition. American Sociological Review 40:753–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danico, Mary Yu, ed. 2014. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Kingsley, and Moore, Wilbert. 1945. Some principles of stratification. American Sociological Review 10:242–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeKeseredy, Walter. 2011. Violence against Women: Myths, Facts, Controversies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, and Proctor, Bernadette D. 2015. Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014. Current Population Reports, P60–252. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
DeSocio, Janiece. 2015. A call to action: Reducing toxic stress during pregnancy and early childhood. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 28(2):70–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubofsky, Melvin, and Dulles, Foster Rhea. 2010. Labor in America: A History. 8th ed. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. (1895) 1962. The Rules of Sociological Method. Edited by Lukes, Steven. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Feagin, Joe R. 2014. Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furstenberg, Frank E., Jr. 2010. Diverging development: The not-so-invisible hand of social class in the United States. In Families as They Really Are, 276–94. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gans, Herbert J. 1972. The positive functions of poverty. American Journal of Sociology 78:275–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, Susan. 1971. Rape: The all-American crime. Ramparts, September.
Gusfield, Joseph R. 1963. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Jerome. 1952. Theft, Law, and Society. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Hillstrom, Kevin, and Hillstrom, Laurie Collier, eds. 2005. The Industrial Revolution in America. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Iceland, John. 2013. Poverty in America: A Handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ivory, Danielle, and Vlasic, Bill. 2015. $900 million penalty for G.M.'s deadly defect leaves many cold. New York Times, September 18.
Jacobs, David, Carmichael, Jason T., and Kent, Stephanie L.. 2005. Vigilantism, current racial threat, and death sentences. American Sociological Review 70:656–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenschaft, Lori, Clark, Roger, and Ciambrone, Desiree. 2016. Gender Inequality in Our Changing World: A Comparative Approach. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kozol, Jonathan. 1991. Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Kozol, Jonathan. 2005. The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Lareau, Annette. 2011. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Leitenberg, Milton. 2006. Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program.Google Scholar
Lorber, Judith, ed. 2012. Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. (1867) 1906. Capital. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. 1947. The German Ideology. New York: International.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. (1848) 1962. The Communist Manifesto. In Marx and Engels: Selected Works, 21–65. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House.Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Myers, Martha A. 2000. The social world of America's courts. In Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook, edited by Sheley, Joseph F., 447–71. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Orfield, Gary, Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve, and Kucsera, John. 2011. Divided We Fail: Segregated and Unequal Schools in the Southland. Los Angeles, CA: Civil Rights Project, UCLA.Google Scholar
Pager, Devah, Bonikowski, Bart, and Western, Bruce. 2009. Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment. American Sociological Review 74(5):777–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pager, Devah, and Shepherd, Hana. 2008. The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual Review of Sociology 34:181–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, Robert E. 1941. The social function of war: Observations and notes. American Journal of Sociology 46:551–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, Allison Ann, and Welch, Kelly. 2015. How school and education impact the development of criminal and antisocial behavior. In The Development of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior: Theory, Research and Practical Applications, edited by Morizot, Julien and Kazemian, Lila, 237–51. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Quinney, Richard. 1977. Class, State, and Crime. New York: David McKay.Google Scholar
Rahman, Kiara. 2013. Implications of the hidden curriculum for indigenous students. Belonging and Learning to Belong in School: The Implications of the Hidden Curriculum for Indigenous Students 34(5):660–72.Google Scholar
Ritzer, George, and Stepinsky, Jeff. 2014. Sociological Theory. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Robers, Simone, Zhang, Anlan, Morgan, Rachel E., and Musu-Gillette, Lauren. 2015. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2014. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics and Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Nancy. 2013. Concentrated disadvantage and the incarceration of youth: Examining how context affects juvenile justice. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50:189–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rugh, Jacob S., Albright, Len, and Massey, Douglas S.. 2015. Race, space, and cumulative disadvantage: A case study of the subprime lending collapse. Social Problems 62:186–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadovnik, Alan R., and Coughlan, Ryan W., eds. 2016. Sociology of Education: A Critical Reader. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellin, Thorsten. 1938. Culture Conflict and Crime. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Shook, Jeffrey J., and Goodkind, Sara A.. 2009. Racial disproportionality in juvenile justice: The interaction of race and geography in pretrial detention for violent and serious offenses. Race and Social Problems 1:257–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, Jon, and Wallace, Donald H. 1999. Prosectuorial discretion in seeking death: An analysis of racial disparity in the pretial stages of case processing in a midwestern county. Justice Quarterly 16:559–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Tumin, Melvin M. 1953. Some principles of stratification: A critical analysis. American Sociological Review 18:387–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turk, Austin T. 1969. Criminality and Legal Order. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Walker, Samuel, Spohn, Cassia, and DeLone, Miriam. 2012. The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Williams, David R., and Collins, Chiquita. 2001. Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports 116:404–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wooldredge, John. 2012. Distinguishing race effects on pre-trial release and sentencing decisions. JQ: Justice Quarterly 29(1):41–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worrell, Mark P. 2011. Why Nations Go to War: A Sociology of Military Conflict. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wrong, Dennis H. 1959. The functional theory of stratification: Some neglected considerations. American Sociological Review 24:772–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar