Which of the following is the best phrasing to use in designing observable and measurable instructional objectives for students?

Last revised: 02/01/2022 by BJG

Overview:

This post describes learning objectives and provides tips on how to write them well.

What are learning objectives?

Learning objectives are brief statements that describe what students will be expected to learn. They allow us to design our teaching approaches to meet the needs of our students for their learning. We also use them to communicate our expectations to students and direct the design of our teaching.

Learning objectives clearly describe what we expect our students to be able to do after participating in the educational activities we have designed and developed for them. They allow us to directly align our assessment strategies and methodologies with clear, measurable student-centered outcomes.

Example of a Learning Objective:

After reviewing the New Deal primary sources, students will be able to debate the effectiveness of New Deal programs using at least six pieces of evidence.

The Components of Objectives (A-B-C-D’s):

A common way of framing objective components is using the A-B-C-D model. These include: audience, behavior, condition, and degree.

- A (audience) – Who is the target audience? (e.g. “students will be able to…”)
- B (behavior) – What is the skill or ability that the student will be able to perform? (e.g. “debate”)
  - The behavior should be both observable and measurable.
  - Express the behavior with a single verb. Compound verbs make it harder to determine that a student has met the objective.
- C (condition) – Within what conditions/constraints will the audience be expected to perform these tasks? (e.g. “After reviewing the New Deal primary sources…”).
- D (degree) – How will the behavior need to be performed? (e.g. “using at least six pieces of evidence”).

Make sure your objectives are:

- concise – keep them short, focused, and to the point.
  - In the example above, we only include the most important descriptive details.
- student friendly – minimize jargon where you can.
  - In the example above, we include almost no “jargon.” The only term that students might be unaware of is: “New Deal programs.” This is important for novice learners coming to a new course or discipline.

Verbs

Objective Verbs

The verbs we choose for learning objectives should manifest behaviors we can observe and measure. Therefore, we should choose verbs carefully.

Verb Selection Do’s and Don’ts

Select verbs based on their observability and measurability. Avoid verbs that cannot be observed or measured. Focus on the skill or ability that you intend to assess.

Common Words and Phrases to Avoid
-Appreciate -Approach -Be familiar with -Become -Believe -Comprehend -Cover -Enjoy	-Expand -Demonstrate knowledge -Demonstrate understanding -Develop an understanding -Develop knowledge -Grasp the significance of -Have an awareness of -Improve	-Improve -Know -Learn -Perceive -Remember -Study -Think critically -Understand

Bloom’s Taxonomy – The Cognitive Domain

In 1956, Benjamin Bloom began a project to evaluate the instructional strategies in classrooms. He and his colleagues organized these learning observations they made into a taxonomy ranging from the Knowledge (Lowest cognitive task) to Evaluation (Highest cognitive task). This focuses specifically on the cognitive domain (see UConn’s guide below for additional information on the other domains).

From Wikimedia Commons

Updated in 2001 (Anderson & Krathwohl), a new taxonomy was drafted (as pictured right). This update moved Evaluating and Creating. They also phrased the levels in a more active mindset (present progressive tense).

Tip: This most important thing to take away here is that we should be thinking across these “levels” as we’re designing learning. In order for us to learn meaningfully, we need to do all of these things. Check out the Bloom’s resources below for verb ideas.

From Wikimedia Commons

Bloom’s Verb Resources

Measurable Action Verbs across Bloom’s Taxonomy for Writing Learning Objectives (eCampus Google Doc)
Teachthought – Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy Verbs for 21st Century Students (Website)
Measurable Action Verbs for Writing Learning Objectives (eCampus Google Doc)
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy with Verbs (Website)
Writing Learning Objectives: Beginning with the End in Mind (Website. Source: Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine)

For more information visit:

Arizona State University TeachOnline Objectives Builder at: //teachonline.asu.edu/objectives-builder/
(This resource requires that you have Flash installed and enabled)

Feedback

In which one of the following ways are students most likely to benefit from knowing the instructional objectives of a lesson?

In which one of the following ways are students most likely to benefit from knowing the instructional objectives of a lesson? Objectives enable them to predict how their teacher will teach the lesson, so they know what to expect.

Which of the following is the most appropriate pedagogical reason for occasionally using heterogeneous ability level groupings in the classroom?

Which of the following is the most appropriate pedagogical reason for occasionally using heterogeneous ability-level groupings in the classroom? Students can benefit from sharing ideas, discussing perspectives, and mentoring one another.

Which of the following best describes when formative evaluation is conducted?

Which of the following statements best describes a formative assessment? Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. Formative assessments measure what students know along the way.

Which statement most accurately describes the major difference between norm referenced and criterion

D. Criterion-referenced tests are used to foresee how well students will perform in subsequent courses, whereas norm-referenced tests are used to determine what students already know.