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Terms in this set (79)
Psychology
the scientific study of mind and behavior
Scientific Method
systematic procedure of observation, measurement, and experimentation
Hypothesis
a tentative explanation to explain a phenomenon
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Empirical method
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
What was psychology's intellectual parents?
Philosophy and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt
German scientist and professor that made psychology an independent discipline
Wilhelm Wundt
Established 1st formal psychology lab
Wilhelm Wundt
Established 1st journal devoted to psych research
1879
When was the first formal psychology lab
1881
When was the first journal devoted to psych research developed
Structuralism
analyze basic elements of consciousness and investigate how they are related to each other
Who was Edward B. Tichener
A student of Wundt
Contents of mental process
The focus of structuralism was on ___ rather than their functions
Sensation and Preparation
vision, hearing, touch
Functionalism
investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than the structure/components
Leader of the functionalism movement
William James
Principles of Psychology
Book by William James
Influenced William James
Darwin
Natural Selection
Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations over time.
Stream of consciousness
Experience is continuous and constantly unique
Criticism of Structuralists
Focusing on static points of consciousness misses the point
Practical slant
how people adapt to their environment
Austrian neurologist
Sigmund Freud
Developed Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Hinged on the idea of the Unconscious
Unconscious
thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless greatly influence thoughts and behaviors
Began to treat patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis
Sigmund Freud
Eventually developed his psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
Explains personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior and childhood experiences.
The psychoanalytic theory was a stray from previous beliefs because
people were not masters of their kinds and behavior is greatly influenced by coping with sexual urges
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
notable followers of Freud, later deviated from Freud's theories and developing their own
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
well knows by the 1920's
Medicine, the Arts, Literature
Psychoanalytic theory continued to flourish influencing many other areas of study:
Gestalt is a German word for what?
whole
Immigrated to US from Germany to escape Nazis
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Introduced US to Gestalt principles
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
Premise
Scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Behavior
any observable response or activity by an organism.
Wilhem Wundt
Sought to identify the components of consciousness
Introspection
Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
Why consciousness works rather than how
What did William James study?
What type of patients did Sigmund Freud treat
Patients suffering from hysteria
Why were psychologist skeptical about pschyoanalytic theory
It was not founded in pure science and was based more on philosophy
Gestalt Principles
Sensory experience to individual parts and how these parts relate to each other as a whole is what the individual perceives
Gestalt
picture therapy
Ivan Pavlov
used his dog to test conditioned responses
John Watson
Who thought the idea of studying consciousness should be abandoned
Nature
Genetic influence
Nurture
Environmental Influence (Experiences)
Watson
argued that behavior was determined almost entirely by environmental influences
Wilhem Wundt
Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?
Skinner box
A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
Humanism
Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?
Gestalt psychology
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
biopsychologist
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.
conscientiousness
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
forensic
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation
A dissertation
Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?
Innovative treatment
patient takes a lead role in therapy
Cognition
mental processes used to acquire knowledge
the study of internal mental events
Psychology must include ___ to fully understand behavior
Noam Chomsky
Strong critic of B. F. Skinner's behaviorist theory of the acquisition of language
Noam Chomsky
Proposed the idea of Language Acquisition Device
Noam Chomsky
Reduced influence of behaviorism and gave strength to cognitive psychology
Biopsychology
how our biology influences our behavior
Sensation
physiological (sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli)
Perception
psychological (organization, interpretation and conscious experience)
Developmental Psychology
Scientific study of human development across a lifespan
Developmental Psychology
Physical changes associated with
aging
-Maturation of cognitive skills
-Maturation of moral reasoning (or lack of)
object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when unable to be observed
Personality Psychology
The patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make individuals unique
Social Psychology
How we interact and relate to others
Forensic Psychology
Branch of psychology that deals with questions of psychology relating to the criminal justice system.
Carl Rogers
Who developed client-centered therapy
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