When removal of a stimulus and response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior is said to have occurred?

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Terms in this set (42)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ____ stimulus.

neutral

Which of the following are primary reinforcers? (praise, money, food, sex)

food, sex

Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur

more often

____ conditioning has occurred when the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that the behavior will be displayed again.

operant

____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Learning

Who developed the principles of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called ____ recovery.

spontaneous

___ learning theory focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Cognitive

The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the ___ stimulus.

unconditioned

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ___ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

A ___ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

reinforcer

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ___ has occurred.

extinction

Why does considering reinforcers as nothing but rewards oversimplify things?

Reinforcers can be positive or negative, rewards are only positive.

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a

variable ration (VR) schedule

The word ___ emphasizes the point that an organism operates on its environment to produce desirable results.

operant

___ ____ is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

Positive Reinforcement

Classical Conditioning

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because of its pairing with a stimulus that causes that response is called the

conditioned stimulus

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as

the law of effect

A process that allows us to teach a complex behavior through rewarding behaviors that are gradually closer to the desired behavior.

Shaping

In the ____ learning style, information is learned best when the fundamentals are understood before the bigger picture is presented.

analytical

Behavior modification includes

recording preliminary data

Caucasian females and African-American males are more apt to use a ___ style of learning than caucasian males.

relational

In the ___ learning style, information is learned best when it is presented as being part of a larger.

relational

When is stimulus generalization most likely to occur?

When two stimuli are highly similar

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals

Even severe psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can be explained by ___ conditioning.

classical

___ neurons are at least partially responsible for the modeling behavior exhibited in observational learning.

Mirror

Operant conditioning has occurred when

the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that that behavior will be displayed again

Both ___ increase the frequency of a behavior.

positive and negative reinforcement

What is the definition of reinforcement?

The process by which a stimulus increases probability that behavior will be repeated.

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a

variable interval (VI) schedule

What is the definition of stimulus discrimination?

The ability to distinguish between two stimuli

Positive punishment is:

addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

If a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence, we would say

that stimulus control training is being used

Taking medicine to relieve pain is an example of ___ because it increases the behavior of taking medicine.

negative reinforcement

One reason an ex-smoker can feel a strong urge to smoke when sitting in their favorite chair where they used to smoke can be explained by

spontaneous recovery

Conditioned taste aversion occurs after a single pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. This is because learning what foods make you sick

is something humans are biologically prepared for and can be important for survival.

Behavior modification has been proven useful in helping people with severe mental retardation

feed themselves

Taste aversion and other easily learned behaviors typically help an organism to survive. This suggests that biological constraints

have positive evolutionary consequences

True or False: In contrast to the modern cognitive psychological understanding of human learning, Pavlov believed that people could only learn through deep, critical thinking.

False

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

stimulus discrimination

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What increase the frequency of a particular Behaviour due to removal of particular stimulus?

Is the removal of a stimulus that results in an increase in behavior?

What are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior?

What reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior?