| Glossary
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| Chapter 5
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| autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
| a neurobiological disorder resulting in developmental impairment and affecting communication, social understanding, and behaviour, 117
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| classical conditioning
| a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus, 103
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| cognitive map
| a mental representation of surroundings, 117
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| conditioned response (CR)
| a learned response to a conditioned stimulus, 104
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| conditioned stimulus (CS)
| a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response, 104
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| contingency theory
| the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli, 118
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| continuous reinforcement
| a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced, 113
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| counterconditioning
| a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fearevoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities, 108
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| discrimination
| in conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus, 107
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| discriminative stimulus
| in operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates whether reinforcement or punishment will follow, 113
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| extinction
| process that occurs when stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur, 106
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| fixed-interval schedule
| a schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available, 113
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| fixed-ratio schedule
| a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses, 114
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| generalization
| in conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned, 107
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| higher-order conditioning
| a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus, 107
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| latent
| hidden or concealed, 118
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| learning
| a relatively permanent change in behaviour, capabilities or knowledge that results from experience, 102
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| model
| a person that engages in a response, which serves as an example that is then imitated by another person, 118
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| negative reinforcer
| a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant behaviour, 110
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| observational learning
| the acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means of direct experience, 118
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| operant behaviour
| involuntary responses that are reinforced, 109
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| operant conditioning
| a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behaviour because it is reinforced, 109
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| orienting reflex
| an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus, 104
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| partial reinforcement
| one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced, 113
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| pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)
| a diagnostic category of the DSM-IV, usually diagnosed in childhood, involving mental disability, learning disorders, and social and communication impairments, 117
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| positive reinforcer
| a reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant behaviour, 110
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| primary reinforcer
| an unlearned reinforcer, 111
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| punishment
| an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behaviour it follows, 111
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| reinforce
| to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response, 109
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| reinforcer
| any stimulus that increases the frequency of a behaviour, 110
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| secondary reinforcer
| a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers; also termed conditioned reinforcer, 111
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| shaping
| a procedure for teaching complex behaviours that at first reinforces approximations of the target behaviour, 114
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| spontaneous recovery
| the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time, 106
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| stimulus
| an environmental condition that elicits a response, 103
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| successive approximations
| behaviours that are progressively closer to a target behaviour, 115
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| systematic desensitization
| a behavioural fearreduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed, 108
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| unconditioned response (UCR)
| an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus, 104
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| unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
| a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning, 103
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| variable-interval schedule
| a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available, 114
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| variable-ratio schedule
| a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses, 114
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