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Terms in this set (142)
Any cell that ingests microorganisms or other cells is called a(n):
phagocyte
A patient is found to have a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia). What is a cause of this?
deficient insulin levels in the blood
Substances that release ions when dissolved in water are called:
electrolytes
The brain and spinal cord are connected through a large opening at the base of the skull called the:
foramen magnum
The most important nerve of the cervical plexus, which innervates the diaphragm, is the:
phrenic nerve
Thromboxane A2 is a short-lived compound that causes:
platelet clumping
What type of tissue covers and lines internal organs?
epithelial tissue
Which organs/structures lie(s) in the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen?
kidneys
Which structures comprise different types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function?
Organs
A bruit differs from a murmur in that a bruit:
is auscultated over a main blood vessel
A fracture of the orbital bone is commonly referred to as a:
blowout fracture
All of the following are formed components of the blood, EXCEPT:
plasma
A projection of the second cervical vertebra (C2) that fits into the vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the:
odontoid process
A specialized part of the venous system that filters the blood and metabolizes various drugs is called the:
hepatic portal system
Beginning with the outermost layer, the three meningeal layers of the central nervous system are the:
dura, arachnoid, and pia matter
Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the:
vena cavae and coronary sinus
During an acidotic state, the kidneys attempt to maintain a normal pH by:
retaining bicarbonate
In response to shock or stress, sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes:
vasoconstriction
Molecules that bind to a receptor's cells and trigger a response by that cell, thereby resulting in some kind of action or biologic effect, are called:
agonists
The average total body water content of a healthy adult is approximately ____% of his or her body weight.
60%
The Broca region of the left frontal lobe is responsible for the muscular actions that are associated with:
speech
The catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) has an affinity for:
alpha and beta receptors
The epiglottis can be BEST described as:
a valve that covers the trachea during swallowing
The first artery to branch from the aortic arch is the:
brachiocephalic artery
The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the:
mediastinum
The heart's primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium, is the:
SA node
The hypoxic drive, a backup system to control breathing, is stimulated when:
oxygen levels decrease
The limbic system, a portion of the cerebrum and diencephalon, contains structures that:
influence emotions and mood
The majority of the body's total body water is contained within the:
intracellular space
The myocardium is the only muscle that can generate its own electrical impulses. This process is called:
automaticity
The process in which glucose is broken down to yield pyruvic acid is called:
glycolysis
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:
ventilation
The pulmonary circulation is responsible for:
ensuring blood gets reoxygenated
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the:
ascending aorta
The separation of the intracellular and extracellular areas by a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain:
homeostasis
The shoulders and hips are examples of __________ joints.
diarthrotic
The superior portion of the brainstem that contains reflex centers for pupillary reflexes and eye movements is the:
midbrain
The thyroid gland is responsible for the:
metabolic rate
What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
stimulates hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex
What is the function of a baroreceptor?
monitoring changes in arterial pressure
What physiologic reaction occurs when a person's blood sugar level falls?
glucagon production is increased
What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonic valves?
semilunar
Which of the following are typically found in the muscle cells, and provide cell movement and contraction via interaction with actin and myosin?
microfilaments
Which of the following is a function performed by all cells?
respiration
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
production of antibodies to foreign organisms
Which of the following statements regarding type O blood is correct?
it contains no surface antigens
Which of the following structures comprise the axial skeleton?
Skull, face, thoracic cage, vertebral column
Which of the following vessels or structures is NOT part of the pulmonary circulation?
descending aorta
Which type of nerve cells conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body?
dendrites
With regard to the heart, ejection fraction is defined as the:
% of blood ejected from the heart
A 2-year-old child has experienced a proximal humeral fracture involving the growth plate. This plate is also called the:
epiphyseal plate
All of the following are functions of the parasympathetic nervous system, EXCEPT:
decreased GI function
A protein of the immune system that recognizes foreign substances is called a(n):
antibody
Normal inhalation is the result of:
negative pressure in the thoracic cavity
Phagocytosis is the process by which:
monocytes digest microbes
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it:
allows only certain substances to pass through it
The diencephalon, a region of the brain, contains which of the following structures?
thalamus and hypothalamus
The first and second cervical vertebrae are called the:
Atlas and Axis
The formation of glucose in the liver is called:
gluconeogenesis
The integumentary system includes all of the following structures, EXCEPT:
blood vessels
The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:
left anterior descending and circumflex arteries
The longest portion of the aorta, which subdivides into the thoracic and abdominal aorta, is the:
descending aorta
The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient that requires energy is called:
active transport
The process in which malignant cells travel to other organs or tissue and establish secondary tumors is called:
metastatis
The second heart sound (S2) represents:
semilunar valves closing
The semilunar valves of the heart function by:
preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint where the humeral head articulates with the:
glenoid fossa
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves arise from the:
autonomic nervous system
The term inotropy refers to the:
strength of myocardial contraction
The term perfusion is BEST defined as:
circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
The three small bones in the middle ear are the:
malleus, stapes, incus
What are the three layers of the blood vessel, starting with the outer layer?
Tunica adventitia, media, intima
What body system is comprised of various glands located throughout the body?
endocrine system
What happens when the PaCO2 of the arterial blood increases?
pH decreases and respirations increase
Which hormone prepares the uterus for implantation?
progesterone
Which layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells?
tunica media
Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
histamine
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves occur during:
ventricular contraction
Decreases in the PaCO2 result in _____________ pH levels in the respiratory center and a(n) _____________ in ventilation.
increased, decrease
Freshly oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium through the:
pulmonary veins
In addition to facilitating the uptake of sugar into the cells, insulin is responsible for:
chemical conversion from glucose to glycogen
Osmosis is the movement of a:
solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveolar capillary membrane through a process called:
diffusion
Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system results in:
peripheral vasoconstriction
The abdominal aorta begins at the level of the:
12th thoracic vertebra
The body's ability to spontaneously cease bleeding is called:
hemostasis
The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity is called the:
parietal pleura
The middle muscular layer of the heart is called the:
myocardium
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called:
diffusion
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is responsible for:
smell
The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called the:
atlanto-occipital joint
The primary respiratory stimulus in a healthy adult is a(n):
increased arterial carbon dioxide level
The reticular activating system is located in the __________ and regulates __________:
midbrain, consciousness
The subclavian artery gives rise to the:
vertebral arteries
The two major veins that drain the head and neck of blood are the:
jugular veins
All of the following are facial bones, EXCEPT the:
parietal
A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that:
increases heart rate
A slight dilation at the carotid bifurcation, called the ________________, contains structures that are important in regulating blood pressure.
carotid sinus
Examples of steroid hormones are:
cortisol and testosterone
Extracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of the total body water?
37%
Immediately inferior to the suprasternal (jugular) notch is the:
manubrium
Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the:
islets of Langerhans
The gap that lies between each nerve cell is called the:
synapse
The substance that contains all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the:
cytoplasm
What hormone is secreted in response to a decrease in the sodium level or an increase in the potassium level?
Aldosterone
When activated, fibrinogen is converted to:
Fibrin
Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid?
pericardium
Which of the following is NOT part of the pelvis?
trochanter
Which of the following processes initiates urine formation?
glomerular filtration
All of the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT the:
sweat glands
A pH of 7.30 indicates:
acidosis
Dysfunction of the mitral valve may cause backflow of blood into the:
Left atrium
End-diastolic volume is primarily a reflection of:
venous return to the heart
If too much water moves out of a cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. This process is called:
crenation
Nicotinic receptors are found:
on skeletal muscle
The aorta and pulmonary artery exit the heart just beneath the:
manubrium
The femoral artery gives rise to all of the following arteries, EXCEPT the:
iliac arteries
The first two cervical vertebrae, in descending order, are called:
atlas and axis
The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine are synthesized by the:
thyroid gland
The ilium is defined as the:
bony prominences of the pelvis
The thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the:
pericardium
What are the functions of the pancreas?
production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion
What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs?
afterload increases
What is the cardiac output of a person with a stroke volume of 60 mL and a heart rate of 90 beats/min?
5.4 L
Which of the following conditions would cause a left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
increased pH
Which of the following statements regarding interstitial fluid is correct?
it is located in the extracellular space and between the cells
A(n) ___________ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen ions.
buffer
A person with type A+ blood could receive which of the following blood types?
A+
As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:
AV Node
Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the:
Frank-Starling mechanism
Of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which two do NOT exit from the brainstem?
olfactory and optic
The parathyroid glands produce and secrete a hormone that:
maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood
Ventricular muscle contraction and the pumping of blood throughout the body occur during:
Systole
Which portion of the spinal column articulates with the pelvis?
sacrum
Efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system are responsible for:
carrying commands from the brain to the muscles
Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:
is moved into or out of lungs during a single breath
Afterload is defined as the:
degree of pressure against which the left ventricle pumps
All of the following are voluntary muscles, EXCEPT:
smooth muscle
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose following severe head trauma suggests:
fracture of the cribriform plate
Severe injuries to the liver are life threatening because it is:
highly vascular and very fragile
What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis?
local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur
Which is a function of the lymphatic system?
filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood
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