1 Wilkinson, T.J. (1999). ‘Settlement, soil erosion and terraced agriculture in highland Yemen: a preliminary statement’. In: Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies vol. 29, pp. 183-191. 2 Mentioned by the late 3th C. BC Euhemerus, 1st C. BC Diodorus Siculus, and early 1st C. AD Strabo. 3 More specifically, in Al Ain, now within the United Arab Emirates. See Al-Tikriti, W.Y. (2002). ‘The south-east Arabian origin of the falaj system’. In: Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies vol. 32, pp. 117 - 138. 4 Watson, A.M. (1983). Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic World. London-New York: Cambridge University Press, Foreword. 5 Artz, Frederick B. (1980). The Mind of the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. 3rd edition revised, p. 150. 6 Glick, T.F. (1978). Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. New-Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 78. 7 Watson, A.M. (1974). ‘The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700 - 1100’. The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), pp. 8 - 35. 8 Burke, E. (June 2009). ‘Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity’. Journal of World History, 20 (2): 165 - 186 [174]. 9 Watson, A.M. (1983). Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic World. London-New York: Cambridge University Press. 10 Ibid. p. 1, and p. 149, note 2. 11 Varisco, D.M. (1997). ‘The Production of Sorghum (Dhurah) in Highland Yemen’. In: Medieval Folk Astronomy and Agriculture in Arabia and the Yemen. Aldershot: Variorum, p. 73-80. 12 Watson, op. cit., pp. 123-24. 13 Watson, op. cit., p. 116. 14 Scott, S.P. (1904). History of the Moorish Empire in Europe. London: J.B. Lippincott Company, vol. 3, p. 598. 15 Chalmeta, P. (1992). ‘An Approximate Picture of the Economy of al-Andalus’. In: The Legacy of Muslim Spain, Vol. 2. Ed. Jayyusi, S.K. Leiden: E. J. Brill, p. 755. 16 Hernández Bermejo, J.E. and J. León (eds.). 1994. ‘Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective’. Plant Production and Protection Series No. 26. Rome: FAO, pp. 303-332. 17 Introduction to the article on Filāḥa (1999). Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0. Leiden: Brill. 18 See especially the works of Lucie Bolens, e.g. Les méthodes culturales au moyen âge d’après les traités d’agronomie andalous: Traditions et techniques. Geneva, 1974, p. 20; and ‘Agriculture in the Islamic World’. In : Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Helaine Selin (ed). Kluwer, 1997, pp. 20-22. 19 Estimates for early 10th century Cordoba vary between 500,000 and one million people. See Watson, A.M. (1983). Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic World. London-New York: Cambridge University Press p. 134. 20 T.F. Glick (1978). Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages, p. 256, quoting Millás Vallicrosa, ‘Sobre la obra de agriculture de Ibn Bassâl’, pp. 132-133, and Ciencia geopónica, pp. 41-42. 21 Ibn al-‘Awwām (1866). Kitāb al-Filāḥa, Le Livre de l'agriculture. Translated into French by Clément- Mullet. Paris: Librairie Orientale et Americaine, Vol. I, p. 9. 22 Vernet, J. and Samsó, J. (1981). ‘Panorama de la ciencia andalusí en el siglo XI’. In: Actas de las Jornadas de Cultura Arabe e Islámica (1978). Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, 1981, pp. 135-163. 23 Al-Maqqarī (1968). Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghu ṣn al-Andalus al-ratīb, 8 vols. Iḥsān ‘Abbās (ed.). Beyrut. Vol. 1, pp. 466-467. 24 Glick, T.F. (2005). ‘Agronomy’. In: Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: an Encyclopedia. Glick, T. F., Livesey, S. J. & Wallis, F. (eds.). Routledge, pp. 12-13. 25 Varisco, D.M. (1994). Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan. University of Washington Press, p. 7. Varisco is working on a history of the Arab almanac. 26 Oxford English Dictionary Online (2000. OED Online). 27 Ibn al-‘Awwām (1866). Le Livre de l’Agriculture, Clément-Mullet, Vol. II, pp. 415-16. 28 Translated from Pellat, C. (1986). Cinq calendriers égyptiens. Cairo: IFAO, pp. 57-8. 29 Carabaza, J.M. and García, E. (1998). ‘Códices Misceláneos de Agronomía Andalusí’. Al-Qantara 19. p. 396. 30 Zuhayr al-Bābā (1990). ‘ʿIlm al-filāḥah fī bilād al-Shām’. Majallat al-turāth al-ʿarabī, No. 37-38. Dimashq, no page numbers. 31 Hamarneh, S.K. (1978). ‘Medicinal plants, therapy and ecology in Al-Ghazzi’s book on agriculture’. Studies in the History of Medicine, 2, pp. 223 - 263. 32 Rénaud, H.P.J. (ed.) (1948). Le Calendrier d'Ibn al‐Bannâ de Marrakech (1256 - 1321 J. C.). Paris: Larose. 33 Guzmán Álvarez, J.R. (2005). ‘El compendio de agricultura atribuido a Ibn Wāfid/al-Nahrāwī: nuevas perspectivas sobre su autoría’. Anaquel de Estudios Árabes, vol. 16, p. 88. 34 Ibid. p. 89. 35 Glick, T.F. (2005). ‘Agronomy’. In: Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: an Encyclopedia. Glick, T. F., Livesey, S. J. & Wallis, F. (eds.). Routledge, p. 13. 36 Sezgin, Fuat. (1967-). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Leiden: Brill. Vol. IV, pp. 310, 317. 37 Ṣālihīyya, M.I. (1984). ‘Mulāḥazāt ‘alā Makhṭūṭāt al-Filāḥa: al-Taṭbīqīya al-Maḥfūza fī ‘l-Maktabāt al-‘Arabīya wa’l-Ajnabīya’. Majallāt Mujma‘ al-Lugha al-‘Arabīya. Damascus, 59 : 3, p. 573, lists some thirty manuscripts. 38 Cahen, C. (1971). ‘Notes pour une histoire de l’agriculture dans les pays musulmans médiévaux: Coup d’oeil sur la littérature agronomique musulmane hors d’Espagne’. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 14, pp. 64-5. 39 Herrera, Gabriel Alonso de. (2006). Ancient Agriculture : Roots and Application of Sustainable Farming. Compiled by Estevan Arellano, J. Layton, Utah : Ancient City Press, pp. 12-13. 40 Hernández Bermejo, J.E. and J. León (eds.). ‘Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective’. Plant Production and Protection Series No. 26. Rome: FAO, 1994. pp. 303-332. 41 Herrera, Gabriel Alonso de. op. cit. pp. 16-21. 42 Maceira, A.G. (1876). Apuntes y noticias sobre la agricultura de los árabes españoles. Zamora, p. 10-11, quoted in Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2000). Gardens, Landscape and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain. Pennsylvania, p.31. 43 Ibn al-‘Awwām, (1802). Kitāb al-Filāḥa. Edited with Spanish translation by J.A. Banqueri. Madrid: Imprenta Real. Vol. I, p. 41. 44 Mustafa Al-Shihabi, ‘Filāḥa’, Encyclopedia of Islam, CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 1999. 45 See in particular the works of Lucie Bolens. 46 Ibn al-‘Awwām (1866). Le Livre de l’Agriculture, Clément-Mullet, Vol. I, p. 23. 47 Bolens, L. (1981). Agronomes andalous du Moyen-Age. Geneva and Paris: Droz, pp. 66-69. 48 Ibn al-‘Awwām (1866). Clément-Mullet, Op. cit., Vol I, p. 24. 49 Ibn al-‘Awwām, Clément-Mullet. Op. cit., Vol. II, p. 168. 50 Herrera, III, Book 4, Ch. 5. p. 25, in Bolens, L. Agronomes andalous du Moyen-Age. Op. cit., p. 202. 51 Ibn al-‘Awwām, Clément-Mullet. Op. cit., Vol. II, XVIII, p.13. 52 Ibn al-‘Awwām, Clément-Mullet. Op. cit. Vol. II, XVIII, p.14. 53 Hernández Bermejo, J.E. and León, J., eds.(1994). ‘Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective’. Plant Production and Protection Series No. 26. Rome: FAO, pp. 303-332. 54 Abū’l-Khayr, ms. 4764 B.N. Paris folio 85, v. ll. 16-17, in Bolens, L. Agronomes andalous du Moyen-Age. Op. cit., p. 239.
What is the green revolution of Islam?
Also known as the “Islamic Green Revolution” (hereafter IGR), this phenomenon involved significant westward diffusion of eastern crops (mainly from South and East Asia), along with requisite agricultural technologies and organizational infrastructure, facilitated by the Early Islamic empires.
Which factors contributed to the successful expansion of Islam?
Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time.
How did Islam influence agriculture?
They took sugarcane from India and spread its cultivation to other parts of the world. They introduced coffee wherever they went. They popularised the use of the Persian water wheel that uses strength of draught animals to irrigate farms. Islam spread in coastal India through sea merchants.
What was the Islamic Green Revolution quizlet?
A fundamental transition in agriculture from the 6th to the 13th century. Arab and Islamic world enabled the diffusion of many crops and farming techniques as well as the adaptation of crops and techniques from and to regions beyond the Islamic world.